The mid-ocean crests & ocean floor formation (& how expansion explains them)
In contemporary renderings, sea floor cartography is particularly improved. The mid-ocean crest system, visible on the ocean floors, creates a pattern systematically centred between the continents, mimicking the neighbouring perimeters.
These detailed maps alone are cause to renew the opposition to Wegener's aged drift theory. However, rather than taking a little distance and a fresh look, as does an artisan or craftsperson to better view and understand the whole picture, oceanographers and geophysicists went by submarine, deep-sea drilling, and made expensive models of the drift and subduction theories.
In the 1960s they formulated an enhanced theory of sea floor spreading and subduction to explain the mid-ocean crests and continental positioning. The theory was based upon some random, localised movements and lava oozing near the centre of a mid-ocean crest. It continued to build on Wegener's hypothesis that, from one indistinct supercontinent which broke apart for an unknown reason, the continents drifted precisely to their current positions. Wegener can be excused; he did not have available the advanced cartography of today.
Factual information of the planet can, and should, contribute to the understanding of its development. If new information can not logically be incorporated with the old, it seems reasonable that a renewal of thought be undertaken. The discovery of the mid-ocean crest system was one such event -- a cause to refresh observations, a chance for deeper understanding.
The discovery of the first large crest, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, was a shock to advocates of continental drift. "Those scientists who had dismissed the jig-saw-puzzle fit of South America and Africa as mere coincidence now found it difficult to explain why the curving ridge lay precisely halfway between, and parallel to, the coasts of the two continents... the discovery called into question traditional theories about the earth, none of which had predicted, or could explain, the ridge's existence". Problems in correlating the mid-ocean crests with old information could have been avoided with a view of global expansion.
The existence of the crests and their systematic pattern can not logically be attributed to random drift. It can be attributed to expansion. The crests seem to have been created with the onset of the event, formed from the Earth's crust, split and thrust up into mountain formations from the centre out. They appear as primary trunks formed by sudden coagulations, which were later fragmented in a series of slower coagulations.
The distortion of the crest in the Southern Hemisphere, near Antarctica, is characteristic of every crest. Latitudinal pull has shifted longitudinal form. The segmented lines of the crest peaks, which appear off-set from left to right, seem to be the result of fluctuating pull acting on each crest. Their shapes were maintained because they were cooled quickly. Sudden cooling must also have arrested the potential behaviour of the crests. If they had not been subdued, they would be violent ridges of volcanoes. They must have cooled before magma began to flow uncontrollably from their ruptures. Why the crests were subdued and did not rise by convection to a higher level are questions which remain unanswered by the drift theory.
Ocean floor formation can be rationalised as a consequence of expansion as well. The floors were stretched during expansion and became thinner, like dough or steel when they are pulled. They gradually developed their mainly-basalt mantel, fed by magma and sima matter, which in time formed the rest of the floor until an equilibrium was established.
Thus, the expansion model explains the pattern of the entire crest system. It clearly indicates that the crests did not drift into position via plate tectonics but stretched into position along distinct radial lines. During inflation, the model's flexible ridges, demarcations of the original continental seams, extend longitudinally but do not change position. Expansion lengthens these ridges precisely into their current-day positions. Thus, the pattern of the crest system develops automatically. Furthermore, this development is simultaneous with the spreading of the continents to their current-day positions. Such unaided accuracy offers further evidence of expansion.
The Earth's propelling forces are of random origin. Some have compared their movements to those seen in a pot of thick, simmering soup. The force is incapable of propulsion toward a specific direction. Geologists and oceanographers should know that blind chance should not produce such calculated placement of mid-ocean crests and the position of continents in relation to these. As shown by the model, the precision of placement is a natural outcome of expansion. The final design, today's planet, is one of alternating land and ocean, their floors centred by the crests, drawn-out echoes of continental fittings, ancient weavings of a smaller Earth.
THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF DRIFTING WITHOUT MOVING MID-OCEAN CRESTS
Here, too, is further defence against the notion of a drifting mid-ocean crest system suggested by plate tectonics.
The drawing illustrates how the crests and continents begin together. In a separation caused by drifting it is impossible to keep one crest centred without displacing the remaining crests and continents.
Expansion could have kept the crests centred between the continents.
The distance from Australia to the crest east of it indicates the pull of expansion. The distance between South America to the crest west of it is an anomaly. It should not exist if subduction occurred; the crest would be closer to the land.
