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VGA Trainer Program: part 7

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· 31 Jul 2024

                   Õ-------------------------------¸ 
                   |         W E L C O M E         | 
                   |  To the VGA Trainer Program   | | 
                   |              By               | | 
                   |      DENTHOR of ASPHYXIA      | | | 
                   Ô-------------------------------¾ | | 
                     --------------------------------Ù | 
                       --------------------------------Ù 

                           --==[ PART 7 ]==--

Introduction

Hello! By popular request, this part is all about animation. I will be going over three methods of doing animation on a PC, and will concentrate specifically on one, which will be demonstrated in the attached sample code.

Although not often used in demo coding, animation is usually used in games coding, which can be almost as rewarding ;-)

In this part I will also be a lot less stingy with assembler code :) Included will be a fairly fast pure assembler putpixel, an asm screen flip command, an asm icon placer, an asm partial-flip and one or two others. I will be explaining how these work in detail, so this may also be used as a bit of an asm-trainer too.

By the way, I apologise for this part taking so long to be released, but I only finished my exams a few days ago, and they of course took preference ;-). I have also noticed that the MailBox BBS is no longer operational, so the trainer will be uploaded regularly to the BBS lists shown at the end of this tutorial.

If you would like to contact me, or the team, there are many ways you can do it :

Write a message to Grant Smith/Denthor/Asphyxia in private mail on the ASPHYXIA BBS.
Write a message in the Programming conference on the For Your Eyes Only BBS (of which I am the Moderator ) This is preferred if you have a general programming query or problem others would benefit from.
Write to Denthor, Eze or Livewire on Connectix.
Write to : Grant Smith P.O.Box 270 Kloof 3640 Natal
Call me (Grant Smith) at (031) 73 2129 (leave a message if you call during varsity)
Write to mcphail@beastie.cs.und.ac.za on InterNet, and mention the word Denthor near the top of the letter.

NB : If you are a representative of a company or BBS, and want ASPHYXIA to do you a demo, leave mail to me; we can discuss it.
NNB : If you have done/attempted a demo, SEND IT TO ME! We are feeling quite lonely and want to meet/help out/exchange code with other demo groups. What do you have to lose? Leave a message here and we can work out how to transfer it. We really want to hear from you!

The Principals of Animation

I am sure all of you have seen a computer game with animation at one or other time. There are a few things that an animation sequence must do in order to give an impression of realism. Firstly, it must move, preferably using different frames to add to the realism (for example, with a man walking you should have different frames with the arms an legs in different positions). Secondly, it must not destroy the background, but restore it after it has passed over it.

This sounds obvious enough, but can be very difficult to code when you have no idea of how to go about achieving that.

In this trainer I will discuss various methods of meeting these two objectives.

Frames and Object Control

It is quite obvious that for most animation to succeed, you must have numerous frames of the object in various poses (such as a man with several frames of him walking). When shown one after the other, these give the impression of natural movement.

So, how do we store these frames? I hear you cry. Well, the obvious method is to store them in arrays. After drawing a frame in Autodesk Animator and saving it as a .CEL, we usually use the following code to load it in :

TYPE icon = Array [1..50,1..50] of byte; 

VAR tree : icon; 

Procedure LoadCEL (FileName :  string; ScrPtr : pointer); 
var 
  Fil : file; 
  Buf : array [1..1024] of byte; 
  BlocksRead, Count : word; 
begin 
  assign (Fil, FileName); 
  reset (Fil, 1); 
  BlockRead (Fil, Buf, 800);    { Read and ignore the 800 byte header } 
  Count := 0; BlocksRead := $FFFF; 
  while (not eof (Fil)) and (BlocksRead <> 0) do begin 
    BlockRead (Fil, mem [seg (ScrPtr^): ofs (ScrPtr^) + Count], 1024, BlocksRead); 
    Count := Count + 1024; 
  end; 
  close (Fil); 
end; 

BEGIN 
  Loadcel ('Tree.CEL',addr (tree)); 
END.

We now have the 50x50 picture of TREE.CEL in our array tree. We may access this array in the usual manner (eg. col:=tree [25,30]). If the frame is large, or if you have many frames, try using pointers (see previous parts)

Now that we have the picture, how do we control the object? What if we want multiple trees wandering around doing their own thing? The solution is to have a record of information for each tree. A typical data structure may look like the following :

TYPE Treeinfo = Record 
                  x,y:word;       { Where the tree is } 
                  speed:byte;     { How fast the tree is moving } 
                  Direction:byte; { Where the tree is facing } 
                  frame:byte      { Which animation frame the tree is 
                                    currently involved in } 
                  active:boolean; { Is the tree actually supposed to be 
                                    shown/used? } 
                END; 

VAR Forest : Array [1..20] of Treeinfo;

You now have 20 trees, each with their own information, location etc.
These are accessed using the following means :

     Forest [15].x:=100;

This would set the 15th tree's x coordinate to 100.

Restoring the Overwritten Background

I will discuss three methods of doing this. These are NOT NECESSARILY THE ONLY OR BEST WAYS TO DO THIS! You must experiment and decide which is the best for your particular type of program.

METHOD 1 :

Step 1 : Create two virtual pages, Vaddr and Vaddr2.
Step 2 : Draw the background to Vaddr2.
Step 3 : Flip Vaddr2 to Vaddr.
Step 4 : Draw all the foreground objects onto Vaddr.
Step 5 : Flip Vaddr to VGA.
Step 6 : Repeat from 3 continuously.

In ascii, it looks like follows ...

    +---------+           +---------+           +---------+ 
    |         |           |         |           |         | 
    |  VGA    | <=======  |  VADDR  |  <======  |  VADDR2 | 
    |         |           | (bckgnd)|           | (bckgnd)| 
    |         |           |+(icons) |           |         | 
    +---------+           +---------+           +---------+

The advantages of this approach is that it is straightforward, continual reading of the background is not needed, there is no flicker and it is simple to implement. The disadvantages are that two 64000 byte virtual screens are needed, and the procedure is not very fast because of the slow speed of flipping.

METHOD 2 :

Step 1 : Draw background to VGA.
Step 2 : Grab portion of background that icon will be placed on.
Step 3 : Place icon.
Step 4 : Replace portion of background from Step 2 over icon.
Step 5 : Repeat from step 2 continuously.

In terms of ascii ...

      +---------+ 
      |      +--|------- + Background restored (3) 
      |      * -|------> * Background saved to memory (1) 
      |      ^  | 
      |      +--|------- # Icon placed (2) 
      +---------+

The advantages of this method is that very little extra memory is needed. The disadvantages are that writing to VGA is slower then writing to memory, and there may be large amounts of flicker.

METHOD 3 :

Step 1 : Set up one virtual screen, VADDR.
Step 2 : Draw background to VADDR.
Step 3 : Flip VADDR to VGA.
Step 4 : Draw icon to VGA.
Step 5 : Transfer background portion from VADDR to VGA.
Step 6 : Repeat from step 4 continuously.

In ascii ...

     +---------+           +---------+ 
     |         |           |         | 
     |   VGA   |           |  VADDR  | 
     |         |           | (bckgnd)| 
     | Icon>* <|-----------|--+      | 
     +---------+           +---------+

The advantages are that writing from the virtual screen is quicker then from VGA, and there is less flicker then in Method 2. Disadvantages are that you are using a 64000 byte virtual screen, and flickering occurs with large numbers of objects.

In the attached sample program, a mixture of Method 3 and Method 1 is used. It is faster then Method 1, and has no flicker, unlike Method 3. What I do is I use VADDR2 for background, but only restore the background that has been changed to VADDR, before flipping to VGA.

In the sample program, you will see that I restore the entire background of each of the icons, and then place all the icons. This is because if I replace the background then place the icon on each object individually, if two objects are overlapping, one is partially overwritten.

The following sections are explanations of how the various assembler routines work. This will probably be fairly boring for you if you already know assembler, but should help beginners and dabblers alike.

The ASM Putpixel

To begin with, I will explain a few of the ASM variables and functions :

There are 4 register variables : AX,BX,CX,DX. These are words (double bytes) with a range from 0 to 65535. You may access the high and low bytes of these by replacing the X with a "H" for high or "L" for low. For example, AL has a range from 0-255.

You also have two pointers : ES:DI and DS:SI. The part on the left is the segment to which you are pointing (eg $a000), and the right hand part is the offset, which is how far into the segment you are pointing. Turbo Pascal places a variable over 16k into the base of a segment, ie. DI or SI will be zero at the start of the variable.

If you wish to be pointing to pixel number 3000 on the VGA screen (see previous parts for the layout of the VGA screen), ES would be equal to $a000 and DI would be equal to 3000. You can quite as easily make ES or DS be equal to the offset of a virtual screen.

Here are a few functions that you will need to know :

mov destination,source This moves the value in source to destination. eg mov ax,50
add destination,source This adds source to destination, the result being stored in destination
mul source This multiplies AX by source. If source is a byte, the source is multiplied by AL, the result being stored in AX. If source is a word, the source is multiplied by AX, the result being stored in DX:AX
movsb This moves the byte that DS:SI is pointing to into ES:DI, and increments SI and DI.
movsw Same as movsb except it moves a word instead of a byte.
stosw This moves AX into ES:DI. stosb moves AL into ES:DI. DI is then incremented.
push register This saves the value of register by pushing it onto the stack. The register may then be altered, but will be restored to it's original value when popped.
pop register This restores the value of a pushed register. NOTE : Pushed values must be popped in the SAME ORDER but REVERSED.
rep command This repeats Command by as many times as the value in CX

SHL Destination,count      ; 
and SHR Destination,count  ;

need a bit more explaining. As you know, computers think in ones and zeroes. Each number may be represented in this base 2 operation. A byte consists of 8 ones and zeroes (bits), and have a range from 0 to 255. A word consists of 16 ones and zeroes (bits), and has a range from 0 to 65535. A double word consists of 32 bits.

The number 53 may be represented as follows : 00110101. Ask someone who looks clever to explain to you how to convert from binary to decimal and vice-versa.

What happens if you shift everything to the left? Drop the leftmost number and add a zero to the right? This is what happens :

                00110101     =  53 
                 <----- 
                01101010     =  106

As you can see, the value has doubled! In the same way, by shifting one to the right, you halve the value! This is a VERY quick way of multiplying or dividing by 2. (note that for dividing by shifting, we get the trunc of the result ... ie. 15 shr 1 = 7)

In assembler the format is SHL destination,count This shifts destination by as many bits in count (1=*2, 2=*4, 3=*8, 4=*16 etc) Note that a shift takes only 2 clock cycles, while a mul can take up to 133 clock cycles. Quite a difference, no? Only 286es or above may have count being greater then one.

This is why to do the following to calculate the screen coordinates for a putpixel is very slow :

           mov    ax,[Y] 
           mov    bx,320 
           mul    bx 
           add    ax,[X] 
           mov    di,ax

But alas! I hear you cry. 320 is not a value you may shift by, as you may only shift by 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 etc. etc. The solution is very cunning. Watch.

    mov     bx,[X] 
    mov     dx,[Y] 
    push    bx 
    mov     bx, dx                  {; bx = dx = Y} 
    mov     dh, dl                  {; dh = dl = Y} 
    xor     dl, dl                  {; These 2 lines equal dx*256 } 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1                   {; bx = bx * 64} 
    add     dx, bx                  {; dx = dx + bx (ie y*320)} 
    pop     bx                      {; get back our x} 
    add     bx, dx                  {; finalise location} 
    mov     di, bx

Let us have a look at this a bit closer shall we?

bx=dx=y        dx=dx*256  ;   bx=bx*64     ( Note, 256+64 = 320 ) 

dx+bx=Correct y value, just add X!

As you can see, in assembler, the shortest code is often not the fastest.

The complete putpixel procedure is as follows :

Procedure Putpixel (X,Y : Integer; Col : Byte; where:word); 
  { This puts a pixel on the screen by writing directly to memory. } 
BEGIN 
  Asm 
    push    ds                      {; Make sure these two go out the } 
    push    es                      {; same they went in } 
    mov     ax,[where] 
    mov     es,ax                   {; Point to segment of screen } 
    mov     bx,[X] 
    mov     dx,[Y] 
    push    bx                      {; and this again for later} 
    mov     bx, dx                  {; bx = dx} 
    mov     dh, dl                  {; dx = dx * 256} 
    xor     dl, dl 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1                   {; bx = bx * 64} 
    add     dx, bx                  {; dx = dx + bx (ie y*320)} 
    pop     bx                      {; get back our x} 
    add     bx, dx                  {; finalise location} 
    mov     di, bx                  {; di = offset } 
    {; es:di = where to go} 
    xor     al,al 
    mov     ah, [Col] 
    mov     es:[di],ah              {; move the value in ah to screen 
                                       point es:[di] } 
    pop     es 
    pop     ds 
  End; 
END;

Note that with DI and SI, when you use them :

mov di,50 Moves di to position 50
mov [di],50 Moves 50 into the place di is pointing to

The Flip Procedure

This is fairly straightforward. We get ES:DI to point to the start of the destination screen, and DS:SI to point to the start of the source screen, then do 32000 movsw (64000 bytes).

procedure flip(source,dest:Word); 
  { This copies the entire screen at "source" to destination } 
begin 
  asm 
    push    ds 
    mov     ax, [Dest] 
    mov     es, ax                  { ES = Segment of source } 
    mov     ax, [Source] 
    mov     ds, ax                  { DS = Segment of source } 
    xor     si, si                  { SI = 0   Faster then mov si,0 } 
    xor     di, di                  { DI = 0 } 
    mov     cx, 32000 
    rep     movsw                   { Repeat movsw 32000 times } 
    pop     ds 
  end; 
end;

The cls procedure works in much the same way, only it moves the color into AX then uses a rep stosw (see program for details)

The PAL command is almost exactly the same as it's Pascal equivalent (see previous tutorials). Look in the sample code to see how it uses the out and in commands.

In Closing

The assembler procedures presented to you in here are not at their best. Most of these are procedures ASPHYXIA abandoned for better ones after months of use. But, as you will soon see, they are all MUCH faster then the original Pascal equivalents I originally gave you. In future, I hope to give you more and more assembler procedures for your ever growing collections. But, as you know, I am not always very prompt with this series (I don't know if even one has been released within one week of the previous one), so if you want to get any stuff done, try do it yourself. What do you have to lose, aside from your temper and a few rather inventive reboots ;-)

What should I do for the next trainer? A simple 3-d tutorial? You may not like it, because I would go into minute detail of how it works :) Leave me suggestions for future trainers by any of the means discussed at the top of this trainer.

After the customary quote, I will place a listing of the BBSes I currently know that regularly carry this Trainer Series. If your BBS receives it regularly, no matter where in the country you are, get a message to me and I'll add it to the list. Let's make it more convenient for locals to grab a copy without calling long distance ;-)

[ There they sit, the preschooler class encircling their mentor, the substitute teacher.
"Now class, today we will talk about what you want to be when you grow up. Isn't that fun?" The teacher looks around and spots the child, silent, apart from the others and deep in thought. "Jonny, why don't you start?" she encourages him.
Jonny looks around, confused, his train of thought disrupted. He collects himself, and stares at the teacher with a steady eye. "I want to code demos," he says, his words becoming stronger and more confidant as he speaks. "I want to write something that will change peoples perception of reality. I want them to walk away from the computer dazed, unsure of their footing and eyesight. I want to write something that will reach out of the screen and grab them, making heartbeats and breathing slow to almost a halt. I want to write something that, when it is finished, they are reluctant to leave, knowing that nothing they experience that day will be quite as real, as insightful, as good. I want to write demos."
Silence. The class and the teacher stare at Jonny, stunned. It is the teachers turn to be confused. Jonny blushes, feeling that something more is required. "Either that or I want to be a fireman." ]
- Grant Smith
14:32
21/11/93

See you next time,
- DENTHOR

These fine BBS's carry the ASPHYXIA DEMO TRAINER SERIES : (alphabetical)

É--------------------------Ë----------------Ë-----Ë---Ë----Ë----» 
|BBS Name                  |Telephone No.   |Open |Msg|File|Past| 
Ì--------------------------Î----------------Î-----Î---Î----Î----¹ 
|ASPHYXIA BBS #1           |(031) 765-5312  |ALL  | * | *  | *  | 
|ASPHYXIA BBS #2           |(031) 765-6293  |ALL  | * | *  | *  | 
|Connectix BBS             |(031) 266-9992  |ALL  | * | *  | *  | 
|For Your Eyes Only BBS    |(031) 285-318   |A/H  | * | *  | *  | 
È--------------------------Ê----------------Ê-----Ê---Ê----Ê----¼

Open = Open at all times or only A/H
Msg = Available in message base
File = Available in file base
Past = Previous Parts available

TUTPROG7.PAS

{$X+} 
USES crt; 

CONST VGA = $a000; 

Type Toastinfo = Record                 { This is format of of each of our } 
                 x,y:integer;              { records for the flying toasters } 
                 speed,frame:integer; 
                 active:boolean; 
               END; 

     icon = Array [1..30*48] of byte;  { This is the size of our pictures } 

     Virtual = Array [1..64000] of byte;  { The size of our Virtual Screen } 
     VirtPtr = ^Virtual;                  { Pointer to the virtual screen } 

CONST frame1 : icon = ( 
0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 
7,7,7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5, 
5,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,7,7,7,7,7,7,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,5,5,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,7,8,8,7,8,7,8,7,7,7,5,8,8,8,8,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 
5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,7,7,7,8,7,7,7,7,7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,8,5,5,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,7,7,8,8,7,7,8,7,7,8,7,7,7,7,7,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,7,8,8,8,7,7,8,7,7,8,7,7,7, 
7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,7,8,8,8,7,7, 
8,8,8,8,8,8,7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,5,7,8,8,8,8,8,7,7,8,8,7,7,7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,5,7,7,8,8,8,8,7,7,8,8,7,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,5,7,8,8,7,7,8,8,7,8,8,8,7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,5,7,8,8,7,7,7,7,8,8,7,7,7,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,7, 
7,7,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,7, 
7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,4, 
4,6,6,6,6,6,6,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 
); 
      frame2 : icon = ( 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,5,5,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,5,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,1,7,1,4, 
4,6,6,6,6,6,6,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5, 
1,7,7,1,7,1,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,1,7,7,7,1,1,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,1,1,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 
); 
      frame3 : icon = ( 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,7,7,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,7,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,7,1,1,7,7,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,5,5,5,1,7,7,7,7,5,5,5,5,5,5, 
5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,7,1,7,7,7,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,1,1,1,7,7, 
1,1,7,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,7,1,1,7,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,1,7,7,7,1,7,7,7,7,7,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,1,7,7,7,7,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,1,1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,0,7,7,1,7,1,7,1,1, 
1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0, 
7,7,7,7,7,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,5,5,5,5,5,5, 
5,5,5,5,5,0,0,0,7,7,0,0,7,7,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,5,5,0,0,5,5,0,5,5,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2, 
2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,4, 
4,6,6,6,6,6,6,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9, 
9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 
1,1,1,1,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 
); 

 
VAR Virscr : VirtPtr;                      { Our first Virtual screen } 
    VirScr2 : VirtPtr;                     { Our second Virtual screen } 
    Vaddr  : word;                      { The segment of our virtual screen} 
    Vaddr2 : Word;                      { The segment of our 2nd virt. screen} 
    ourpal : Array [0..255,1..3] of byte; { A virtual pallette } 
    toaster : Array [1..10] of toastinfo; { The toaster info } 

{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure SetMCGA;  { This procedure gets you into 320x200x256 mode. } 
BEGIN 
  asm 
     mov        ax,0013h 
     int        10h 
  end; 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure SetText;  { This procedure returns you to text mode.  } 
BEGIN 
  asm 
     mov        ax,0003h 
     int        10h 
  end; 
END; 

{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure Cls (Col : Byte; Where:word); 
   { This clears the screen to the specified color } 
BEGIN 
     asm 
        push    es 
        mov     cx, 32000; 
        mov     es,[where] 
        xor     di,di 
        mov     al,[col] 
        mov     ah,al 
        rep     stosw 
        pop     es 
     End; 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure Putpixel (X,Y : Integer; Col : Byte; where:word); 
  { This puts a pixel on the screen by writing directly to memory. } 
BEGIN 
  Asm 
    push    ds 
    push    es 
    mov     ax,[where] 
    mov     es,ax 
    mov     bx,[X] 
    mov     dx,[Y] 
    push    bx                      {; and this again for later} 
    mov     bx, dx                  {; bx = dx} 
    mov     dh, dl                  {; dx = dx * 256} 
    xor     dl, dl 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1                   {; bx = bx * 64} 
    add     dx, bx                  {; dx = dx + bx (ie y*320)} 
    pop     bx                      {; get back our x} 
    add     bx, dx                  {; finalise location} 
    mov     di, bx 
    {; es:di = where to go} 
    xor     al,al 
    mov     ah, [Col] 
    mov     es:[di],ah 
    pop     es 
    pop     ds 
  End; 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
procedure WaitRetrace; assembler; 
  {  This waits for a vertical retrace to reduce snow on the screen } 
label 
  l1, l2; 
asm 
    mov dx,3DAh 
l1: 
    in al,dx 
    and al,08h 
    jnz l1 
l2: 
    in al,dx 
    and al,08h 
    jz  l2 
end; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure Pal(Col,R,G,B : Byte); 
  { This sets the Red, Green and Blue values of a certain color } 
Begin 
   asm 
      mov    dx,3c8h 
      mov    al,[col] 
      out    dx,al 
      inc    dx 
      mov    al,[r] 
      out    dx,al 
      mov    al,[g] 
      out    dx,al 
      mov    al,[b] 
      out    dx,al 
   end; 
End; 

{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure GetPal(Col : Byte; Var R,G,B : Byte); 
  { This gets the Red, Green and Blue values of a certain color } 
Var 
   rr,gg,bb : Byte; 
Begin 
   asm 
      mov    dx,3c7h 
      mov    al,col 
      out    dx,al 

      add    dx,2 

      in     al,dx 
      mov    [rr],al 
      in     al,dx 
      mov    [gg],al 
      in     al,dx 
      mov    [bb],al 
   end; 
   r := rr; 
   g := gg; 
   b := bb; 
end; 

{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure SetUpVirtual; 
   { This sets up the memory needed for the virtual screen } 
BEGIN 
  GetMem (VirScr,64000); 
  vaddr := seg (virscr^); 
  GetMem (VirScr2,64000); 
  vaddr2 := seg (virscr2^); 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure ShutDown; 
   { This frees the memory used by the virtual screen } 
BEGIN 
  FreeMem (VirScr,64000); 
  FreeMem (VirScr2,64000); 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
procedure flip(source,dest:Word); 
  { This copies the entire screen at "source" to destination } 
begin 
  asm 
    push    ds 
    mov     ax, [Dest] 
    mov     es, ax 
    mov     ax, [Source] 
    mov     ds, ax 
    xor     si, si 
    xor     di, di 
    mov     cx, 32000 
    rep     movsw 
    pop     ds 
  end; 
end; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure putico(X,Y:Word;VAR sprt : icon;Where:Word); ASSEMBLER; 
  { This puts an icon, EXCEPT it's color 0 (black) pixels, onto the screen 
    "where", at position X,Y } 
label 
  _Redraw, _DrawLoop, _Exit, _LineLoop, _NextLine, _Store, _NoPaint; 

asm 
    push  ds 
    push  es 
    lds   si,Sprt 
    mov   ax,X     { ax = x } 
    mov   bx,Y     { bx = y } 
_Redraw: 
    push    ax 
    mov     ax,[where] 
    mov     es,ax 

    mov     ax, bx                  {; ax = bx  x = y} 
    mov     bh, bl                  {; y = y * 256  bx = bx * 256} 
    xor     bl, bl 
    shl     ax, 1 
    shl     ax, 1 
    shl     ax, 1 
    shl     ax, 1 
    shl     ax, 1 
    shl     ax, 1                   {; y = y * 64   ax = ax * 64} 
    add     bx, ax                  {; y = (y*256) + (Y*64)  bx = bx + ax (ie y*320)} 

    pop     ax                      {; get back our x} 

 
    add     ax, bx                  {; finalise location} 
    mov     di, ax 

    mov   dl,30    { dl = height of sprite } 
    xor   ch,ch 
    mov   cl,48     { cx = width of sprite } 
    cld 
    push  ax 
    mov   ax,cx 
_DrawLoop: 
    push  di            { store y adr. for later } 
    mov   cx,ax          { store width } 
_LineLoop: 
    mov   bl,byte ptr [si] 
    or    bl,bl 
    jnz   _Store 
_NoPaint: 
    inc    si 
    inc    di 
    loop   _LineLoop 
    jmp    _NextLine 
_Store: 
    movsb 
    loop  _LineLoop 
_NextLine: 
    pop   di 
    dec   dl 
    jz    _Exit 
    add   di,320        { di = next line of sprite } 
    jmp   _DrawLoop 
_Exit: 
    pop   ax 
    pop   es 
    pop   ds 
end; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure Funny_line(a,b,c,d:integer;where:word); 
  { This procedure draws a line from a,b to c,d on screen "where". After 
    each pixel it plots, it increments a color counter for the next pixel. 
    you may easily alter this to be a normal line procedure, and it will 
    be quite a bit faster than the origional one I gave you. This is 
    because I replaced all the reals with integers. } 

  function sgn(a:real):integer; 
  begin 
       if a>0 then sgn:=+1; 
       if a<0 then sgn:=-1; 
       if a=0 then sgn:=0; 
  end; 
var i,s,d1x,d1y,d2x,d2y,u,v,m,n:integer; 
    count:integer; 
begin 
     count:=50; 
     u:= c - a; 
     v:= d - b; 
     d1x:= SGN(u); 
     d1y:= SGN(v); 
     d2x:= SGN(u); 
     d2y:= 0; 
     m:= ABS(u); 
     n := ABS(v); 
     IF NOT (M>N) then 
     BEGIN 
          d2x := 0 ; 
          d2y := SGN(v); 
          m := ABS(v); 
          n := ABS(u); 
     END; 
     s := m shr 1; 
     FOR i := 0 TO m DO 
     BEGIN 
          putpixel(a,b,count,where); 
          inc (count); 
          if count=101 then count:=50; 
          s := s + n; 
          IF not (s<m) THEN 
          BEGIN 
               s := s - m; 
               a:= a + d1x; 
               b := b + d1y; 
          END 
          ELSE 
          BEGIN 
               a := a + d2x; 
               b := b + d2y; 
          END; 
     end; 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure SetUpScreen; 
  { This procedure sets up the static background to be used in the program } 

CONST circ : Array [1..5,1..5] of byte = 
        ((0,10,10,10,0), 
         (10,13,12,11,10), 
         (10,12,12,11,10), 
         (10,11,11,11,10), 
         (0,10,10,10,0)); 

VAR x,y:integer; 
    loop1,loop2,loop3:integer; 

BEGIN 
  pal (1,22,22,22); 
  pal (2,45,45,45); 
  pal (3,59,59,59); 
  pal (4,63,63,27); 
  pal (5,39,63,3); 
  pal (6,51,39,3); 
  pal (7,3,27,3); 
  pal (8,15,39,15); 
  pal (9,35,35,35); 
  pal (10, 0, 0,40); 
  pal (11,10,10,50); 
  pal (12,20,20,60); 
  pal (13,30,30,63); 

  For loop1:=50 to 100 do 
    pal (loop1,0,0,loop1-36); 

  For loop1:=0 to 255 do 
     getpal (loop1,OurPal[loop1,1],OurPal[loop1,2],OurPal[loop1,3]); 

  For loop1:=0 to 319 do 
    Funny_line (0,199,loop1,0,vaddr); 
  For loop1:=0 to 199 do 
    Funny_line (0,199,319,loop1,vaddr); 

  For loop1:=1 to 200 do BEGIN 
    x:=random (315); 
    y:=random (195); 
    For loop2:=1 to 5 do 
      For loop3:=1 to 5 do 
        if circ [loop2,loop3]<>0 then 
          putpixel (x+loop2,y+loop3,circ [loop2,loop3],vaddr); 
  END; 
  flip (vaddr,vga);  { Copy the entire screen at vaddr, our virtual screen } 
                     { on which we have done all our graphics, onto the    } 
                     { screen you see, VGA } 
  flip (vaddr,vaddr2); 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure rotatepal; 
  { This procedure rotates the colors between 50 and 100 } 
VAR temp : Array [1..3] of byte; 
    loop1:integer; 
BEGIN 
  Move(OurPal[100],Temp,3); 
  Move(OurPal[50],OurPal[51],50*3); 
  Move(Temp,OurPal[50],3); 
  For loop1:=50 to 100 do 
    pal (loop1,OurPal[loop1,1],OurPal[loop1,2],OurPal[loop1,3]); 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure ScreenTrans (x,y:word); 
  { This is a small procedure to copy a 30x30 pixel block from coordinates 
    x,y on the virtual screen to coordinates x,y on the true vga screen } 
BEGIN 
  asm 
    push    ds 
    push    es 
    mov     ax,vaddr 
    mov     es,ax 
    mov     ax,vaddr2 
    mov     ds,ax 
    mov     bx,[X] 
    mov     dx,[Y] 
    push    bx                      {; and this again for later} 
    mov     bx, dx                  {; bx = dx} 
    mov     dh, dl                  {; dx = dx * 256} 
    xor     dl, dl 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1 
    shl     bx, 1                   {; bx = bx * 64} 
    add     dx, bx                  {; dx = dx + bx (ie y*320)} 
    pop     bx                      {; get back our x} 
    add     bx, dx                  {; finalise location} 
    mov     di, bx                  {; es:di = where to go} 
    mov     si, di 
    mov     al,60 
    mov     bx, 30         { Hight of block to copy } 
@@1 : 
    mov     cx, 24         { Width of block to copy divided by 2 } 
    rep     movsw 
    add     di,110h        { 320 - 48 = 272 .. or 110 in hex } 
    add     si,110h 
    dec     bx 
    jnz     @@1 

    pop     es 
    pop     ds 
  end; 
  { I wrote this procedure late last night, so it may not be in it's 
    most optimised state. Sorry :-)} 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure NewToaster; 
  { This adds a new toaster to the screen } 
VAR loop1:integer; 
BEGIN 
  loop1:=0; 
  repeat 
    inc (loop1); 
    if not (toaster[loop1].active) then BEGIN 
      toaster[loop1].x:=random (200)+70; 
      toaster[loop1].y:=0; 
      toaster[loop1].active:=true; 
      toaster[loop1].frame:=1; 
      toaster[loop1].speed:=Random (3)+1; 
      loop1:=10; 
    END; 
  until loop1=10; 
END; 

 
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------} 
Procedure Fly; 
  { This is the procedure where we move and put the toasters } 
VAR loop1,loop2:integer; 
    ch:char; 
BEGIN 
  For loop1:=1 to 10 do 
    toaster[loop1].active:=FALSE; 
  ch:=#0; 
  NewToaster; 
  Repeat 
    if keypressed then BEGIN 
      ch:=readkey; 
      if ch='+' then NewToaster;      { If '+' is pressed, add a toaster } 
      if ch='-' then BEGIN            { if '-' is pressed, remove a toaster } 
        loop1:=0; 
        repeat 
          inc (loop1); 
          if toaster[loop1].active then BEGIN 
            screentrans (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].y); 
            toaster [loop1].active:=FALSE; 
            loop1:=10; 
          END; 
        until loop1=10; 
      END; 
    END; 
    for loop1:=1 to 10 do 
      if toaster[loop1].active then BEGIN 
        screentrans (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].y); 
          { Restore the backgrond the toaster was over } 
        dec (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].speed); 
        inc (toaster[loop1].y,toaster[loop1].speed); 
          { Move the toaster } 
        if (toaster[loop1].x<1) or (toaster[loop1].y>170) then BEGIN 
          toaster[loop1].active:=FALSE; 
          NewToaster; 
        END; 
          { When toaster reaches the edge of the screen, render it inactive 
            and bring a new one into existance. } 
      END; 
    for loop1:=1 to 10 do 
      if toaster[loop1].active then BEGIN 
        CASE toaster [loop1].frame of 
           1   : putico (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].y,frame1,vaddr); 
           3   : putico (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].y,frame2,vaddr); 
           2,4 : putico (toaster[loop1].x,toaster[loop1].y,frame3,vaddr); 
        END; 
        toaster[loop1].frame:=toaster[loop1].frame+1; 
        if toaster [loop1].frame=5 then toaster[loop1].frame:=1; 
          { Draw all the toasters on the VGA screen } 
      END; 
    waitretrace; 
    flip (vaddr,vga); 
    rotatepal; 
  Until ch=#27; 
END; 

 
BEGIN 
  Randomize;       { Make sure that the RANDOM funcion really is random } 
  SetupVirtual;    { Set up virtual page, VADDR } 
  ClrScr; 
  writeln ('Hello! This program will demonstrate the principals of animation.'); 
  writeln ('The program will firstly generate an arb background screen to a'); 
  writeln ('virtual page, then flip it to the VGA. A toaster will then start'); 
  writeln ('to move across the screen. Note that the background will be restored'); 
  writeln ('after the toaster has passed over it. You may add or remove toasters'); 
  writeln ('by hitting "+" or "-" respectively. Note that the more frames you'); 
  writeln ('use, usually the better the routine looks. Because of space'); 
  writeln ('restrictions, we only had room for three frames.'); 
  writeln; 
  writeln ('The toasters were drawn by Fubar (Pieter Buys) in Autodesk Animator.'); 
  writeln ('I wrote a small little program to convert them into CONSTANTS. See'); 
  writeln ('the main text to find out how to load up AA CEL files directly.'); 
  writeln; 
  writeln; 
  Write ('  Hit any key to contine ...'); 
  Readkey; 
  SetMCGA; 
  SetupScreen;     { Draw the background screen to VADDR, then flip it to 
                     the VGA screen } 
  Fly;             { Make the toasters fly around the screen } 
  SetText; 
  ShutDown;        { Free the memory taken up by virtual page } 
  Writeln ('All done. This concludes the seventh sample program in the ASPHYXIA'); 
  Writeln ('Training series. You may reach DENTHOR under the names of GRANT'); 
  Writeln ('SMITH/DENTHOR/ASPHYXIA on the ASPHYXIA BBS. I am also an avid'); 
  Writeln ('Connectix BBS user, which is unfortunatly offline for the moment.'); 
  Writeln ('For discussion purposes, I am also the moderator of the Programming'); 
  Writeln ('newsgroup on the For Your Eyes Only BBS.'); 
  Writeln ('The numbers are available in the main text. You may also write to me at:'); 
  Writeln ('             Grant Smith'); 
  Writeln ('             P.O. Box 270'); 
  Writeln ('             Kloof'); 
  Writeln ('             3640'); 
  Writeln ('I hope to hear from you soon!'); 
  Writeln; Writeln; 
  Write   ('Hit any key to exit ...'); 
  Readkey; 
END.