The Earth is expanding and the gravity increasing
Sooner or later the Earth will grow to become as big as Neptune !!
An old theory suggests that the earth, at the time of Pangea, was smaller than now and without oceans.
A deduction that follows is that dinosaurs could grow very large millions of years ago because gravity was lower, due to a smaller Earth's radius.
The seas would have been smaller than today, sufficient to give birth to life but indicative of an Earth no larger, at the time, than Mars.
While the key to understanding the Earth's expansion is represented by the development of the oceans from the Triassic period until today, to quantify it we must use geological and geophysical data preserved in 100% of Earth's history from the Archean to the present day. This data is collected regularly, however scientists today analyze solely the plate tectonics without considering alternative theories such as the expansion of the Earth.
EXPANDING EARTH MODELS
A set of 24 spherical models has been constructed, 23 of which cover the period from the Archean to the present while one is projected five million years into the future (figure 1).
The primary base map used during the construction of each model is the Geological Map of the World (CGMW & UNESCO, 1990), which provides comprehensive global coverage of continental and oceanic geology.
The completion of oceanic magnetic mapping and dating of the crust beneath Earth's major oceans has made an important geophysical contribution to quantifying Earth's expansion. This oceanic mapping has placed defined time limits on the history of plate movement evidenced in all ocean basins up to the Early Jurassic period, and is used to quantify both plate reconstruction and the rate of crust generation on Earth models in expansion.
To build these models, going back in time, older geological periods that are parallel to the extending mid-ocean ridges are removed in succession. Each crustal plate is then restored, based on a reduced Earth radius, according to a pre-extension, or pre-widening, configuration, respectively along the common plate or relative continental margins; by successively removing oceanic crust and reuniting the continental and oceanic plates, each post-Triassic model shows a plate fit of greater than 99%.
During the Triassic period, continental crust plus sediments deposited in basins along continental margins envelop the Earth with a complete continental shell approximately 52% of the Earth's present radius; these sedimentary basins therefore constitute a global network, which represents the seas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, demonstrates that the expansion of the Earth is a valid process and justifies the extension of studies with models up to the Archean era.
The extension of the models up to the Archean implies the recognition that the continents are made up of ancient crustal fragments of green granite-stone (altered dark green basaltic rock, ntd) called cratons, ancient eroded mountains or pigmentation bands called orogenes and ancient sedimentary basins of various ages. Earth expansion occurs within continents as crustal extension into the network of continental sedimentary basins and fissure zones.
Going back in time, the sediments deposited within the extensional basins and fissure zones are progressively removed and the crota is restored according to a pre-extension configuration; by removing all the sediments of the basins and fissures, a primordial Earth dating back to the Mesoprotozeic era (1,600 million years ago) is reconstructed, including assembled Archean cratons and Proterozoic basement rocks at a radius of about 1,700 kilometers.
Expanding Earth models find that the distribution of continental sedimentary basins and shallow seas, continental magmatism, and the concentration of crustal movements form a global network surrounding the assembled.
THE EARTH IS A GEOLOGICAL ENTITY
All rocks contain an immense amount of geological and geophysical information which, to the expert eye, present a complex but changing history of formation, metamorphic changes, erosive and chemical degradation, climatic influences, activity biotics and metallic riches to tell. On a global scale we can bring together geophysical and geological information relating to the locations of the ancient poles and equators (paleomagnetism), the ancient distributions of emerged lands, mountains, ice caps, seas and coasts (paleogeography), the ancient distribution, dispersion patterns, climatic conditions and extinction of flora and fauna (paleobiogeography), the distribution of ancient climatic areas distinguished on the basis of rocks dependent on latitude starting from the polar caps up to the equatorial zones (paleoclimatology) and the formation and distribution of natural resources of metals and hydrocarbons (metallogenicity).
On an expanding earth, the information made available by each of these geological and geophysical disciplines can be viewed when and where it occurs, and we can see what happened next. New biotic species will supplant or interact with existing species, and climate change will superimpose established climate modules.
A good example is Antarctica, which has been the workhorse of the equator for most of Earth's history and has preserved a range of rock types, fossilized plant and animal species typical of an essentially tropical-temperate climate. Starting from the Permian period (260 million years ago), Antarctica moved southwards to its current location astride the current south pole, with extreme variations in climate modules and biotic species.
This geological and geophysical information is traditionally used in reconstructions of the continents typical of plate tectonics, with the aim of limiting the options consistent with this theory imposed by paleomagnetism on an Earth with a constant radius. In many cases the information is contradictory; in particular the critical-climatic ones derived from biogeography and relating to flora and fauna and those on the distribution of climate-dependent rocks such as limestone, coal and glacial debris. On an expanding Earth there is only one coherent option. If the geological and geophysical information is not supported or substantiated by the reconstruction, then the latter is incorrect; no alternative fit options are available.
Published paleomagnetic information can be plotted onto expanding Earth models to locate magnetic poles and derive the position of an equator. The information demonstrates that the pole data reveal diametrically opposed north and south poles for every era and period, from the Archean to the Recent; the locations of the equators agree in principle with conventional locations based on climate indicators. However, on conventional plate tectonic models the grouping of the north and south poles is impossible, demonstrating that paleomagnetism data can be used more effectively to quantify the location of the ancient poles on an expanding Earth.
