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NL-KR Digest Volume 05 No. 37
NL-KR Digest (12/15/88 19:36:28) Volume 5 Number 37
Today's Topics:
printing texts with glosses
Case Based Reasoning and Similarity
chinese language files wanted
Looking for fuzzy society
KRL programming
paper wanted
Looking for German dictionary
Re: intentions, beliefs, existence of m
Submissions: NL-KR@CS.ROCHESTER.EDU
Requests, policy: NL-KR-REQUEST@CS.ROCHESTER.EDU
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sat, 3 Dec 88 14:51 EST
From: Greg Lee <lee@uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu>
Subject: printing texts with glosses
I've been working on a program to format interlinear glossed text for
printing. When it's in good enough shape that it might possibly of use
to anyone, I'll post it, but now I could use some help. First, if
anyone has some texts on-line with interlinear glosses they could send
me, this would let me exercise the program and maybe adapt it to input
conventions it doesn't know about yet. Second, I'm in the market for
ideas about good ways to incorporate a free translation into the format,
in addition to word-by-word glosses.
The basic idea of the program is to process texts as they might have
been typed using a text editor, where there are pairs of lines, each of
which has one line of foreign text and one line of glosses, with one or
several gloss words aligned below each word of foreign text. TeX
commands are added to permit printing with proportional fonts,
preserving approriate vertical alignments between the foreign words and
the gloss words.
Here is what some input text I've practiced on looks like (samples
courtesy of David Stampe):
BO-mAndra-n kAlkAl lAbO-n-ji dE-l-e. KAlkAl-An-ApsAle
One-man-art hard field-art-pl be-past-imps. Difficulty-art-due_to
A-taGlij-An kAJid-l-E. Atiki anin Okk+d-An paG-l-E.
poss-cow-art die-past-3s. Later he another-art buy-past-3s.
....
In the printed version, different fonts are used for the foreign text
and the glosses, the glosses are centered below the word they go with
(or if the foreign word is shorter, it is centered above the glosses),
and for the above kind of running text, the lines are re-broken into
appropriate lengths (by TeX). The TeX construction is simple in
principle: the text is gathered into a string of vertical boxes, each
of which contains a foreign word and gloss words below it, and TeX takes
care of the rest. (Greg Carter suggested this idea to me.)
Now, how about free translation? It might appear in the original text
as third lines, given below the glosses, or at the right margin, like
this:
Aboy tAlajba-n Asu-mAd-le dO AsOG-mAd-le. | A certain old man
One old man-art sick-eye-pa and shit-eye-pa. | had an eye disease
| and his eyes ran.
AbOy dinna-n anin tulAb-liG-An | One day he went
One day-art he woods-in-art | into the woods,
| but he had a very
....
or maybe in other ways. Similarly, in the printed output, one might
like to have free translation appear interlinearly, or at the right
margin. I know of one way of getting it at the right, which is to
follow the example given in the TeXbook on page 387, and adjust the
width taken up by the marginal text in such a fashion that the vertical
space taken up by it and the text on the left is the same. This looks
pretty good. It's not obviously the best method.
At the moment, I have no good idea how to align a free translation
interlinearly in running text.
Comments, anyone? Suggestions? Samples? Thanks in advance,
Greg, lee@uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 6 Dec 88 13:27 EST
From: ncrlnk!rd1632.Dayton.NCR.COM!king@uunet.UU.NET
Subject: Case Based Reasoning and Similarity
SIMILARITY ... What does it mean?
for ANALOGY What are the measures?
for REMINDING Are there generalities or is it domain-specific?
for EXEMPLARS ... Etc. Etc.
I am performing independent research in the area of Case-Based
Reasoning, CBR, and I am working on various metrics for similarity.
In general, what ideas do you (the net-world) have about:
- What about a new situation reminds you of a prior experience?
- OR
- How does one situation remind you of another?
This is obviously a (too) wide open question and requires some clarity,
but I would rather not focus the discussion to a set of examples yet.
That is, unless it is more productive to do so. A little more focus
might be how does one discriminate and weight features of a new
situation (case) in relationship to a large case-base of experiences
that may or may not have a bearing on the new situation. Did that
provide more focus or fuzziness!?
I send this notice out as a preliminary "attention-getter" to
provide myself with some input to help form a more formal survey. Once
written I hope to send it to a specific set of researchers (consisting
mostly of people in the CBR, information retrieval (IR), doc. mngt. areas)
and to anyone in netland that requests so.
My goals are to:
- Produce some consensus of opinion on a view, or approach(es),
to similarity and the possibility of codifying it to aid in reminding
and retrieval of prior experiences.
- ALSO: I wish to propose to Dr. Katz at MITRE that a workshop be held
at IJCAI-89 which would address/discuss this area of concern. If
anyone is interested in adding support or input please let me
know. (We held a lively workshop on CBR at AAAI-88, and
I believe a focused workshop in a specific area that would
benefit CBR researchers as well as IR, AI, etc. is important.)
If anyone is interested in responding to any of this:
- I will watch the "nets" for replies
- Email to: j.a.king@dayton.ncr.com
- Call: (513)-445-1090 before 4:30 (EST) (317)-478-5910 after 6:00
- Mail: NCR Corp. 1700 S. Patterson WHQ-5E Dayton, OH 45479
After listening, talking to people, etc. for the next couple weeks I
will write up the survey (anyone can help form the survey) over Christmas
and send it out the first week in January. By February-March (15th?)
I will hopefully be able to publish preliminary results (to the net,
respondents, etc.).
I am fairly familiar with the discussions of similarity by Kolodner,
Schank, Rissland, Bareiss, etc. in the CBR field - and also from the
IR field, Fox, Croft, Salton, etc. I have built one CBR system
and two applications where the similarity metric was determined from the
experts.
BUT ... I am open to anyone's suggestions on reference works for
understanding similarity metrics, methodologies, etc.
Thank you for your time.
Jim King
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 7 Dec 88 10:14 EST
From: rhaller@oregon.uoregon.edu
Subject: chinese language files wanted
I am interested in the structure of chinese language, both spoken and written.
Can anyone tell me where I can find any of the following?
1) a file which has several thousand chinese words and their meanings in terms
of other chinese words (a chinese dictionary, not just a list of words).
2) ditto with chinese/english word equivalents. (e.g. ren-2; man).
3) a file which describes each character in terms of its physical appearance
that is the various strokes and their relation to each other. For example,
ren-2 has two strokes, a pye-3 and a na-4 with the latter originating just
above the formers middle.
4) a file that has typical examples of written chinese sentences in it,
ideally, one that is fairly representative of every-day usage.
Either files on tape or files that can be gotten via network are OK. I would
prefer that they be in the public domain, but am willing to pay a reasonable
price to cover cost of media and hassle.
My intention is statistical and pattern analysis.
Thanks, Rich Haller
Internet:rhaller@oregon.uoregon.edu
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 7 Dec 88 17:05 EST
From: WELLS@cgi.com
Subject: Looking for fuzzy society
Can anyone give me a pointer to an association or society for aproximate
and fuzzy reasoning. I know it exists, but can't locate it.
Don Wells
wells%cgi.com@relay.cs.net
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 9 Dec 88 01:20 EST
From: Amedeo NAPOLI <mcvax!crin.crin.fr!napoli@uunet.UU.NET>, Amedeo NAPOLI <napoli@crin.crin.fr>
Subject: KRL programming
Does anybody know something about programming with the KRL language?
I have to write some historical remarks on KRL, and I don't have any manual
of the language (I have the two papers of Bobrow-Winograd issued in Cognitive
Science, and the paper of Bobrow and al. issued in IJCAI 77).
Does anybody know applications written in KRL ?
Is the language still used or no more ?
Many thanks in advance,
"Au revoir",
Amedeo Napoli
--
--- Amedeo Napoli @ CRIN / Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy
EMAIL : napoli@crin.crin.fr - POST : BP 239, 54506 VANDOEUVRE CEDEX, France
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 13 Dec 88 14:25 EST
From: Amedeo NAPOLI <mcvax!crin.crin.fr!napoli@uunet.UU.NET>, Amedeo NAPOLI <napoli@crin.crin.fr>
Subject: paper wanted
Could somebody send me the following paper:
SLOMAN,
"Why we need many knowledge representations formalisms"
BCSE (British Computer ? ...) Systems conference, December 1984
Many thanks in advance,
Amedeo Napoli
--
--- Amedeo Napoli @ CRIN / Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy
EMAIL : napoli@crin.crin.fr - POST : BP 239, 54506 VANDOEUVRE CEDEX, France
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 14 Dec 88 02:52 EST
From: Geoff Kuenning <geoff@desint.UUCP>
Subject: Looking for German dictionary
I am looking for a machine-readable dictionary of the German language, similar
to /usr/dict/words. I would prefer one that has information about
umlauts and the ess-zed.
As I am not terribly interested in making someone else pay for such a
large transfer (you will note that I restricted this posting to North
America), please contact me first by mail if you have one to offer, and
we can negotiate a way to make the transfer.
--
Geoff Kuenning geoff@ITcorp.com uunet!desint!geoff
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 23 Nov 88 13:10 EST
From: morgan@uxe.cso.uiuc.edu
Subject: Re: intentions, beliefs, existence of m
This is a sincere question, though it may sound like a sarcastic one:
How do behaviorists identify and count behaviors? Why is a rat pressing a
bar a single behaviour? Intuitively it involves two: rising up on the hind
legs, pressing down with the front paws. Objectively I would guess that it's
a lot more than two, since there are a number of muscles involved, interacting
in complex ways. Nonetheless behaviorists (in informal discussions, anyway)
talk as if a bar press is a single unit of behavior. Is this just sloppiness?
If so, how is it that it's respectable to report bar press numbers as
experimental data? Is there a justification for identifying a bar press
as a single behaviour that's not couched in functional or intentional
terms?
Without such a justification the behaviorist would seem to be reduced to
statements about synapses firing and muscle fibers contracting. Maybe
that's just as well.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 24 Nov 88 13:35 EST
From: Greg Lee <lee@uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu>
Subject: Re: intentions, beliefs, existence of m
From article <44400008@uxe.cso.uiuc.edu>, by morgan@uxe.cso.uiuc.edu:
"...
" How do behaviorists identify and count behaviors?
Funny question. Why does it matter? How do chemists identify and count
reactions? How do astronomers decide what is an asteroid? How do
linguists identify and count languages? There are some answers for the
last question, but they have no significance for linguistic theory.
" ... Is there a justification for identifying a bar press
" as a single behaviour that's not couched in functional or intentional
" terms?
How about the convenience of the experimenter? The question appears
to suppose that facts collected must be taxonomized according to
some theory about the subject. That's not how behaviorists view
things at *all*, nor should they. That is often how linguists
view things, but they shouldn't. (An instance is the commonplace
notion that a syntactic theory should be judged correct accordingly
as it generates "correct" sentence *structures*.)
Greg, lee@uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 24 Nov 88 22:55 EST
From: Celso Alvarez <sp299-ad@violet.berkeley.edu>
Subject: Re: intentions, beliefs, existence of m
In article <44400008@uxe.cso.uiuc.edu> morgan@uxe.cso.uiuc.edu writes:
>How do behaviorists identify and count behaviors? Why is a rat pressing a
>bar a single behaviour? Intuitively it involves two: rising up on the hind
>legs, pressing down with the front paws. Objectively I would guess that it's
>a lot more than two, since there are a number of muscles involved, interacting
>in complex ways...
I am not talking for all behaviorists, by all means. I would just
assume that for a *social* behaviorist, the equivalent of the act of a
rat pressing a bar is, say, uttering the question "How are you today?".
Truly, this involves a number of physical, articulatory acts. However,
what matters is that socially and interactionally "How are you today?"
counts as a single behavior -- a single speech act. That's the unit of
analysis that a social behaviorist of language would be interested in.
Celso Alvarez
sp299-ad@violet.berkeley.edu
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 25 Nov 88 09:54 EST
From: wgr <rolandi@gollum.UUCP>
Subject: Re: intentions, beliefs, existence of m
In response to morgan's:
>This is a sincere question, though it may sound like a sarcastic one:
>How do behaviorists identify and count behaviors? Why is a rat pressing a
>bar a single behaviour? Intuitively it involves two: rising up on the hind
>legs, pressing down with the front paws. Objectively I would guess that it's
>a lot more than two, since there are a number of muscles involved, interacting
>in complex ways. Nonetheless behaviorists (in informal discussions, anyway)
>talk as if a bar press is a single unit of behavior. Is this just sloppiness?
This is a very good question which I am glad you asked. Although Celso's
response (quoted below) is quite accurate, I'd like to add something.
Celso Alvarez
>I am not talking for all behaviorists, by all means. I would just
>assume that for a *social* behaviorist, the equivalent of the act of a
>rat pressing a bar is, say, uttering the question "How are you today?".
>Truly, this involves a number of physical, articulatory acts. However,
>what matters is that socially and interactionally "How are you today?"
>counts as a single behavior -- a single speech act. That's the unit of
>analysis that a social behaviorist of language would be interested in.
In behavioral (you may read "functional") analysis, one must first
determine the frequency of occurrence for a particular response.
In order to quantify any response, it must first be operationally
defined. This process can be somewhat arbitrary in that any response
which is observable (or otherwise accessible to measurement) can be defined
as a unit of analysis. You are quite right to note that any response
can be assumed to made up of an untold number of other responses, depending
upon the granularity of your measurements. For example, a bar press, at-
least on the neurological level is actually millions of responses. For
purposes of a functional analysis however, this is not that important.
If the behavior analyst seeks to discover the functional relationship
between a variable interval schedule of reinforcement and bar pressing
in the albino rat, the neurology behind the response so defined is
irrelevant to that understanding. The performance parameters of the
schedule are well documented and easy to demonstrate.
Applied behavioral analysts are well aware of the usefulness of
operational definitions. They use them all the time in order to
first understand and then modify some problem behavior in their clients.
For example, someone might complain that they find themselves washing
their hands 30 or 40 times a day. In order to understand this phenomenon,
the behavior analyst must first operationally define an incident of
hand washing behavior: where does it start and stop. Only then can they
obtain information about frequency and the causal circumstances.
Why are behaviorists so preoccupied with the bar presses of rats?
Early researchers needed a basic datum, a fundamental unit of measurement
in order to investigate learning phenomena. Bar presses are discrete
behaviors which are accessible to measurement. Had there been an
equally efficient and inexpensive way to house and study some other
animal under the same controlled environments, other animals (besides
mice and pigeons) may have been used and some other unit of analysis
might have been exhaustively explored in the literature.
Walter Rolandi
rolandi@ncrcae.Columbia.NCR.COM
NCR Advanced Systems Development, Columbia, SC
------------------------------
End of NL-KR Digest
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