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AIList Digest Volume 5 Issue 270
AIList Digest Wednesday, 18 Nov 1987 Volume 5 : Issue 270
Today's Topics:
Queries - AI systems in Design & KAT Acronym,
Games - Mancala/Kalah,
Learning - Genetic Algorithms,
Pattern Recognition - Measures of "Englishness",
Law - Who Owns the Output of an AI?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: 16 Nov 87 15:43:59 GMT
From: ece-csc!ncrcae!ncr-sd!ncrlnk!rd1632!king@mcnc.org (James King)
Subject: Survey of AI systems in Design
I am in need of information about one topic and a subtopic.
I am compiling a list of AI systems used in the design phase of:
- products
- materials
- costs
- scheduling
- etc.
My focus is on the first two, but any and all are welcome. I am
looking for AI systems in CAD and in Pre-CAD design. Typical
intelligent CAD systems I am interested in assist in:
- Saving integrity between drawings - products with multiple
drawings are structured to recognize a change in one drawing
and pass it to other associated drawings.
- Management systems in CAD for information, integrity, design
experience representation, etc.
- Encapsulation of designer experience into KB's
- Uses of OOP, frames, etc.
- Application of situational reasoning
- Hardware implementations
- etc.
The second topic deals with developing knowledge bases of designer
experience, techniques, rules in the design phase. I am interested in the
representational techniques, elicitation techniques, etc. that have been used
to encapsulate the design experience associated with:
- A part
- A specific domain
- An entire system
- A manufacturing line
- Etc.
I would appreciate any information on these two areas and associated
topics of Design automation and AI.
Thank you in advance
James A. King j.a.king@dayton.ncr.com
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 87 08:43 N
From: MFMISTAL%HMARL5.BITNET@wiscvm.wisc.edu
Subject: Request for info in acronym KAT
We are planning to submit a grant proposal for the development of
a knowledge acquisition tool. To us it looks obvious to use "KAT"
as the acronym. However, maybe someone else uses KAT already.
If anyone has information on one or more systems named KAT,
please let me know.
Thanks in advance.
Jan L. Talmon
Dept. Medical Informatics and Statistics
University of Limburg
The Netherlands
EMAIL: MFMISTAL@HMARL5.bitnet
------------------------------
Date: 16 Nov 87 17:58:42 GMT
From: mit-caf!jtkung@media-lab.media.mit.edu (Joseph Kung)
Subject: AI gaming : mancala
Anybody out there have any interesting gaming strategies for the
African game, mancala? I need some for an AI game that a friend of
mine is working on. Thanks.
- Joe
--
Joseph Kung
Arpa Internet : jtkung@caf.mit.edu
------------------------------
Date: 17 Nov 87 05:22:20 GMT
From: srt@locus.ucla.edu
Subject: Re: AI gaming : mancala
In article <542@mit-caf.UUCP> jtkung@mit-caf.UUCP (Joseph Kung) writes:
>Anybody out there have any interesting gaming strategies for the
>African game, mancala? I need some for an AI game that a friend of
>mine is working on. Thanks.
If 'mancala' is any variant of Kalah, you might want to look at *The
Art of Prolog* by Sterling and Shapiro, which includes a Prolog implementation
of Kalah.
Scott R. Turner
UCLA Computer Science "Love, sex, work, death, and laughs"
Domain: srt@cs.ucla.edu
UUCP: ...!{cepu,ihnp4,trwspp,ucbvax}!ucla-cs!srt
------------------------------
Date: 16 Nov 87 18:59:26 GMT
From: tsai%pollux.usc.edu@oberon.usc.edu (Yu-Chen Tsai)
Reply-to: tsai%pollux.usc.edu@oberon.usc.edu (Yu-Chen Tsai)
Subject: Re: bpsim code
In article <8711151153.aa02040@Dewey.UDEL.EDU> Brady@UDEL.EDU writes:
>I am confused about the little red riding hood article in BYTE.
>The article seems to suggest that the nodes in the middle layer
> .....
and KIL's comment follows:
> This strategy permits nodes to be
> deleted (via zeroed weights), but not created. For creation of nodes
> you may have to investigate genetic learning algorithms. -- KIL]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
I am interested in these genetic learning algorithms used in a neural network
implementaion. Can somebody in the Netland gives me some references? Please
response by e-mail to me. Thanks in advance!
Y. C. Tsai :-)
tsai@pollux.usc.edu fot Internet, {sdcrdc,cit-cav}!uscvax!tsai for UUCP
EE-Systems,
University of Southern California, Ca. 90089-0781
------------------------------
Date: 17 Nov 87 06:16:54 GMT
From: deneb.ucdavis.edu!g523116166ea@ucdavis.ucdavis.edu
(0040;0000004431;0;327;142;)
Subject: Re: references for adaptive systems
Another, obligatory, reference, is John Holland, et al, INDUCTION, new this
year or last. The first three chapters are about Holland's genetic algorithms,
which are sucessful algorithms for adding new rules to a formal system, based
on experience. Not so high profile as neural nets, but more general and more
enduring, I'll wager. Holland has been at this since the early 60's; he's
at U. Michigan. The remainder of the book is fascinating studies of how
people generally use 'rules', in contrast to how machines use them. This
latter material is clearly about induction 'au natural', and nicely summarized
in a paper in the 10/30 issue of Science by some of the same authors, sans
Holland.
Holland's PhD students do odd theses: adaptive control of a refinery; pallett-
loading scheduling; other pragmatic stuff. Why?
Ron Goldthwaite
UCalif, Davis, Psychology & Animal Behavior
------------------------------
Date: 15 Nov 87 19:27:10 GMT
From: cunyvm!byuvax!fordjm@psuvm.bitnet
Subject: Measures of "Englishness"?
Recently someone on the net commented on a program or method of rating
the "Englishness" of words according to the frequency of occurance of
various letters in sequence, etc.
I am currently involved in a project in which this approach might prove
useful, but I have lost the original posting. Could the author please
contact me with more information about his or her project?
Thanks in advance,
John M. Ford fordjm@byuvax.bitnet
131 Starcrest Drive
Orem, UT 84058
------------------------------
Date: 17 Nov 87 17:48:04 GMT
From: PT.CS.CMU.EDU!SPEECH2.CS.CMU.EDU!kfl@cs.rochester.edu (Kai-Fu
Lee)
Subject: Re: Measures of "Englishness"?
In article <32fordjm@byuvax.bitnet>, fordjm@byuvax.bitnet writes:
>
> Recently someone on the net commented on a program or method of rating
> the "Englishness" of words according to the frequency of occurance of
> various letters in sequence, etc.
>
I don't know anything about the said post. But you might be interested
in the following article:
Cave and Neuwirth, Hidden Markov Models for English, Proceedings
of the Symposium on Appication of Hidden Markov Models to Text
and Speech, Princeton, NJ 1980.
Here's the editor's summary of the paper:
L.P. Neuwirth discusses the application of hidden Markov analysis to
English newspaper text (26 letters plus word space, without
punctuation). This work showed that the technique is capable
of automatically discovering linguistically important categorizations
(e.g., vowels and consonants). Moreover, a calculation of the
entropy of these models shows that some of them are stronger than
the ordinary digraphic model, yet employ only half as many parameters.
But one of the most interesting points, from a philosophical point
of view, is the completely automatic nature of the process of
obtaining the model: only the size of the state space, and a
long example of English text, are give. No a priori structure of the
state transition matrix, or of the output probabilities is assumed.
Since hidden Markov models can be used for generation and recognition,
it is possible to train a model for English, and "score" any previously
unseen word with a probability that it was generated by the model for
English.
> Thanks in advance,
> John M. Ford fordjm@byuvax.bitnet
> 131 Starcrest Drive
> Orem, UT 84058
>
Kai-Fu Lee
Computer Science Department
Carnegie-Mellon University
------------------------------
Date: 12 Nov 87 11:12:03 GMT
From: ihnp4!homxb!houdi!marty1@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (M.BRILLIANT)
Subject: Re: Who owns the output of an AI?
In article <4631@spool.wisc.edu>, honavar@speedy.WISC.EDU
(A Buggy AI Program) writes:
> In article <1778@svax.cs.cornell.edu> houpt@svax.cs.cornell.edu
(Charles (Chuck) Houpt) writes:
> > The law says that the output of an AI is owned by the user running the
> >AI, NOT the programmer who designed it.
> > ....
> > ... To me the British law seems unfair.....
It's just like the law governing real intelligence. Your
teachers created (or at least created a lot of value added in)
your intelligence, but a stroke of your pen will assign any
patents you create to your employer. Though your teachers may
know more about your work than your employer, they have no claim
on the intellectual property you create after you leave their
campus.
M. B. Brilliant Marty
AT&T-BL HO 3D-520 (201)-949-1858
Holmdel, NJ 07733 ihnp4!houdi!marty1
------------------------------
Date: 13 Nov 87 13:15:14 GMT
From: nosc!humu!uhccux!lee@sdcsvax.ucsd.edu (Greg Lee)
Subject: Re: Who owns the output of an AI?
M. Brilliant writes:
>...
>patents you create to your employer. Though your teachers may
>know more about your work than your employer, they have no claim
I assume that in this analogy, the programmer
is the "teacher", the AI program is "you" and
the user of the program is the "employer".
------------------------------
Date: 14 Nov 87 12:27:59 GMT
From: speedy!honavar@speedy.wisc.edu (A Buggy AI Program)
Subject: Re: Who owns the output of an AI? (actually wonders of rn)
In article <1412@houdi.UUCP> marty1@houdi.UUCP (M.BRILLIANT) writes:
>In article <4631@spool.wisc.edu>, honavar@speedy.WISC.EDU (A Buggy AI Program)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
writes:
>> In article <1778@svax.cs.cornell.edu> houpt@svax.cs.cornell.edu
(Charles (Chuck) Houpt) writes:
>> > The law says that the output of an AI is owned by the user running the
>> >AI, NOT the programmer who designed it.
>> > ....
>> > ... To me the British law seems unfair.....
>
>It's just like the law governing real intelligence.
> ......
>
>M. B. Brilliant Marty
>AT&T-BL HO 3D-520 (201)-949-1858
>Holmdel, NJ 07733 ihnp4!houdi!marty1
It's probably about time some AI was put into the news software so that it can
make sure that the pieces of article/s quoted are really from the authors
to whom the quotes attributed.
--VGH
------------------------------
Date: 14 Nov 87 17:29:00 GMT
From: kadie@b.cs.uiuc.edu
Subject: Re: Who owns the output of an AI?
If your AI program (or any program) is really great there
are a number of ways to make more money per user from it.
One way that was already mentioned is to licence it. I remember
that some of the first compilers for microcomputers said that
you had to pay them money for any programs you sold that
were compiled with their product.
Another method is to charge for each run of your program. You do
this by setting up your own computer and having people dial in to
it. I know that this system is used by some companies that
have (non AI) programs that solve financial optimization problems.
The trouble with both these methods is that the
users don't like them as well as owning the program,
so you will not have as many costumers.
Carl Kadie
Inductive Learning Group
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
UUCP: {ihnp4,pur-ee,convex}!uiucdcs!kadie
CSNET: kadie@UIUC.CSNET
ARPA: kadie@M.CS.UIUC.EDU (kadie@UIUC.ARPA)
------------------------------
Date: 16 Nov 87 15:07:14 GMT
From: yale!kthomas@NYU.EDU (Kevin Thomas)
Subject: Re: Who owns the output of an AI?
In article <1778@svax.cs.cornell.edu> houpt@svax.cs.cornell.edu (Charles
(Chuck) Houpt) writes:
> Is this fair? Should copywrites go to the user or the programmer?
> If my AI program discovered
>a new high temperature super-conductor, shouldn't I get some profit?
The copyrights and patents should all go to the user, absent any contractual
agreements to the contrary. This is the same debate that went on about
10-15 years ago with compilers. Updated to the mid-80's, if I write a
program in Turbo C that Peugeot sells, should Borland be entitled to royalties?
The answer is "no, unless they say so in the sale contract, and the buyer
clearly agrees to the language in that contract".
Actually, in the case of derived products, it's worse: If Peugeot uses a
Turbo C program to design a car, should Borland get a cut of the profits that
result from the sale of the car, in the absence of any language in the
sale contract? I would again say "no". Borland is free to put language
into the contract that does or does not reserve whatever rights it wants or
does not want.
/kmt
------------------------------
Date: 18 Nov 87 02:39:12 GMT
From: allegra!jac@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Jonathan Chandross)
Subject: My parents own my output.
If I write a program that generates machine code from a high level language
do I not own the output? Of course I own it. I also own the output from
a theorum prover, a planner, and similar systems, no matter how elaborate.
One of the assumptions being made in this discussion is that an AI can be
treated as a person. Let us consider, for the moment, that it is merely
a clever piece of programming. Then I most *certainly* do own its output
(assuming I wrote the AI) by the reason given above. (Software piracy is a
whole other ball of wax.)
The alternative is to view the AI as an sentient entity with rights, that
is, a person. Then we can view the AI as a company employee who developed
said work on a company machine and on company time. Therefore the employer
owns the output, just as my employer owns my output done on company time.
The real question should be: Did the AI knowlingly enter into a contract with
the employer.
I wonder if the ACLU would take the case.
Jonathan A. Chandross
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, New Jersey
{moss, rutgers}!allegra!jac
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End of AIList Digest
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