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Neuron Digest Volume 13 Number 13
Neuron Digest Saturday, 12 Mar 1994 Volume 13 : Issue 13
Today's Topics:
Positions Available
LEE V1.1 ALife Model/Simulator
Simderella 2.0 is available!
U Sheffield position
Postdoc Research Fellowship using GAs/ANNs
UNIPEN project of data exchange and recognizer benchmarks
ISIKNH'94
Send submissions, questions, address maintenance, and requests for old
issues to "neuron-request@psych.upenn.edu". The ftp archives are
available from psych.upenn.edu (130.91.68.31) in pub/Neuron-Digest or by
sending a message to "archive-server@psych.upenn.edu".
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: Positions Available
From: michael@eeg.com (Michael Smith)
Date: Wed, 09 Feb 1994 18:15:12 -0800
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH POSITIONS AVAILABLE.
EEG Systems Laboratory/SAM Technology, Inc in San Francisco has
several positions available for qualified individuals to join our
interdisciplinary team of researchers who are developing and applying
leading-edge methods for analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamics of
human brain electrical fields.
ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTIST This
position is for a highly motivated recent PhD who
specializes in studying mental activity using
EEG, EPs and other psychophysiological signals,
and who is eager to apply that background to the problem of
developing practical methods for measuring human brain
signals related to attention and mental workload.
Good writing, communication, interpersonal, quantitative,
and computer skills are essential.
ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTIST/ENGINEER
The successful candidate for this position
should have an MS or PhD degree and extensive knowledge and
expertise in human neurophysiology, functional neuroanatomy,
bioelectric modeling, and bioelectric inverse problems.
A strong background in digital signal processing, finite element
modeling, C programming, and image processing will be a plus.
NEUROTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASSISTANT Part-time or full-time
position to assist brain scientists studying human cognition.
Primary tasks include subject recruitment and testing
and analysis of EEG data. An ideal applicant would
have either a BA/BS in psychology, bioengineering, or related field,
knowledge of statistics or programming, experience with UNIX and DOS
environments, and/or experience with EEG recording techniques.
EEG Systems Laboratory is an independent, not-for-profit,
brain research laboratory directed by Alan Gevins. It is
dedicated to research on higher cognitive
functions. Its sister organization, SAM Technology, Inc. is a small
company involved with the development of next-generation technology for
recording and analyzing brain electrical signals.
Our laboratory has state of the art facilities
and is located in an attractive building in downtown San Francisco.
For questions regarding the nature of any of these positions, please
contact Michael Smith (michael@eeg.com). To apply, please send a resume
or CV, and, if applicable, representative reprints or preprints,
code samples, and transcripts to:
ATTN: Jane Zhu
SAM TECHNOLOGY, INC.
51 Federal St, San Francisco, CA 94107
FAX 415-546-7122; EMAIL jane@eeg.com
------------------------------
Subject: LEE V1.1 ALife Model/Simulator
From: cis.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!agate!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!network.ucsd.e
du!sdcc12!cs!fil@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Filippo Menczer)
Organization: CSE Dept., U.C. San Diego
Date: 23 Feb 1994 03:41:01 +0000
==========================
LEE release 1.1
Latent Energy Environments
==========================
The LEE artificial life simulator is available via public ftp.
This is the latest release: the code is under continuous development,
so further stable releases will be made available in the future
at the same site.
You may download the software (Unix/Mac souces and/or
executables, documentation, and a technical report) as
follows:
ftp cs.ucsd.edu (132.239.51.3)
login: anonymous
password: your_email_address
cd pub/LEE
get <filename>
...
bye
Filename Format Content
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
README ASCII general info
lee.doc ASCII documentation
pinep.ps.Z compressed PostScript LEE model/results paper
lee11.Unix.sh ASCII shar archive LEE 1.1 Unix source
lee11.Mac.sh mixed shar archive LEE 1.1 Mac add'l source
lee11exe.Mac.sh binhexed shar archive LEE 1.1 Mac executables
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Please read README for general information, and lee.doc for
specific information on how to compile and run the program.
To get the PostScript paper, use the Unix utility 'uncompress'.
To unpack the source and/or Mac executables you must use the Unix
utility 'unshar'. After this, to get the binary Mac executables
and/or resource file, use, eg, 'BinHex 4.0'.
LEE is (c) University of California, San Diego.
Authors: Richard Belew and Filippo Menczer (Cognitive Computer
Science Research Group, CSE Dept, UC San Diego). Please send
important comments, suggestions, and bugs to the latter
(fil@ucsd.edu). You may freely copy/distribute the software,
except for commercial purposes, and as long and the notices
in the source headers are preserved.
Other contributions to the code are from: Stefano Nolfi and
Jeff Elman; Greg Linden (Mac interactive version); and
Federico Cecconi (sensory system).
OVERVIEW OF LEE (from lee.doc)
==============================
LEE (Latent Energy Environments) is both an Alife model
and a software tool to be used for simulations within the
framework of that model. We hope that LEE will help us understand
a broad range of issues in theoretical, behavioral, and
evolutionary biology. The LEE tool described here consists
of approximately 7,000 lines of C code and runs in both Unix
and Macintosh platforms.
The modeling of environmental complexity across
different Alife experiments is perhaps the main motivation behind
this project. LEE allows the specification of environments of
graduated complexity. A spacially distributed series of
"atomic elements" must be combined to transform their "latent
potential energy" into "work" necessary for survival.
Behavioral strategies must be evolved by the population such
as to allow an efficient exploitation of the available energy.
This latent energy can be used to measure the environment
complexity with respect to the survival task.
A steady-state genetic algorithm is used in the
LEE model rather then a lock-step generational one. The
progression of the adaptive process is measured in terms of time
rather than generations. At any one time step possibly all the
organisms in the population may live, use and/or acquire energy,
and reproduce or die. Consequently, the size of the population
varies with time. If latent energy is not made available at a
rate sufficient to support the energy expense of the
population, extintion may occur.
An organism is implemented by a feed-forward neural
network plus a sensory-motor system and a gut, i.e. a
reservoir for energy, both in work (usable) and latent
(atomic elements) form. The sensory system consists of a
user-specified set of sensors that are mapped onto the network
input units. The network may have as many hidden layers as desired.
The output layer maps its activation values onto the motor
system, made of a set of user-specified motors. Learning can
occur in the current version by means of standard
back-propagation of error. The error is computed on an input
prediction task.
Each organisms lives by moving in a world consisting
of a rectangular grid with toroidal edge conditions. Each
basic life cycle (sweep) consists of 5 steps:
1. Gather information about the surrounding world by means of
a set of sensors.
2. Elaborate the sensory information to produce a motor action.
3. Make a movement in the world by means of a set o motors.
4. (Optional) Use the new sensory information as teaching
input for a prediction task learned during an organism's
lifetime on a subset of the neural net.
5. Consequences of the movement: there is an energy cost,
there may be an energy increase or decrease (depending on the
contents of the new world position and the reactions caused
by the acquisition of such contents), and finally these energy
changes may result in death or reproduction.
Different sensor systems implemented in the current
version are: GUT, CONTACT, and AMBIENT. The first senses
elements present in an organism's own gut; the second senses
those present in the world cell in front of the position
currently occupied by the organism; the third senses those
present in a local range, weighed according to their distange
in number of steps. Each sensor has a complex that identifies
which elements can be sensed by it.
There is one simple motor system currently implemented:
BINARY. It allows the organism to make one of four possible
moves: stay still, turn left or right 90 degrees, or move
ahead. Each motor has a power that specifies how far the
organism can be moved by it.
LIST OF RELATED PAPERS (as of February 1994)
============================================
Menczer F and Belew RK 'Latent Energy Environments: A Model
for Artificial Life Complexity' Technical Report CS93-298,
July 1993, University of California, San Diego
Menczer F and Belew RK 'Latent Energy Environments: A Tool
for Artificial Life Simulations' Technical Report CS93-301,
July 1993, University of California, San Diego
Menczer F 'Changing Latent Energy Environments: A Case
for the Evolution of Plasticity' Technical Report CS94-336,
January 1994, University of California, San Diego
(*) Menczer F and Belew RK 'Latent Energy Environments' to appear
in "Plastic Individuals in Evolving Populations", Santa Fe
Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Addison-Wesley
(*) This paper is available on the LEE ftp site as
'pinep.ps.Z'. An abstract follows:
A novel ALife model and simulator, called LEE, is introduced
and described. The motivation lies in the need for a measure
of complexity across different ALife experiments. This goal is
achieved through a careful characterization of environments in
which different forms of energy are well-defined and
conserved. A steady-state genetic algorithm is used to model
the evolutionary process. Organisms in the population are
modeled by neural networks with non-Lamarckian learning during
life. Behaviors are shown to be crucial in the interactions
between organisms and their environment. The flexibility of
LEE for the study of a variety of problems related to complex
evolutionary systems is illustrated by some general emerging
properties of the model, and by preliminary results of a
number of experiment currently under way.
===
Filippo Menczer and Richard K. Belew
Cognitive Computer Science Research Group
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, 0114
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093-0114 USA
Fax: (619)534-7029
Email: fil@ucsd.edu
===
- --
=======================================================================
Filippo Menczer /~~~~\ Viva l'Italia, l'Italia che e' in mezzo al mare
\_ / l'Italia dimenticata e l'Italia da dimenticare
fil@ucsd.edu \ \ l'Italia meta' giardino e meta' galera
------------------------------
Subject: Simderella 2.0 is available!
From: cis.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!fwi.uva.nl!not-for-ma
il@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Patrick van der Smagt)
Organization: FWI, University of Amsterdam
Date: 24 Feb 1994 07:32:52 +0000
*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
* SIMDERELLA 2.0 *
*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
Version 2.0 of simderella is here. Major adaptations:
- now features Imakefiles;
- compiles & runs on Solaris and DEC Alpha;
- some C bugs squashed;
- bemmel can grab robot with mouse;
- major improvements to documentation (i.e., an introductory
article describing the package).
- includes a stand-alone version of bemmel for drawing
geometrical objects, with viewoint rotation. Figures
can be dumped to xfig for later inclusion in your papers.
Simderella is a robot simulator consisting of three programs:
connel: your controller
simmel: the simulator
bemmel: the X-windows oriented graphics front-end
Simmel is the part which actually simulates the robot. It
performs a few matrix multiplications, based on the Denavit
Hartenberg method, calculates velocities with the Newton-Euler
scheme, and communicates with the other two programs.
Bemmel only displays the robot. It is a fast general-purpose
display method which places separate objects in space depending
on the homogeneous matrices it receives from simmel.
Connel is the controller, which must be designed by the user. In
the distributed version, connel is a simple inverse kinematics
routine. No neural networks are included.
The three programs communicate via Unix sockets. This means that
1. you need sockets
2. all the programs can run on different machines
Since data communication is high-level (all data is encoded
before transmission), cross architecture portability is high.
In fact, connel can simultaneously control a real robot
_and_ the simulated one.
Simderella likes to sleep; that is, when nothing happens, no
processor time will be used.
The software is available via anonymous ftp from
galba.mbfys.kun.nl (ip 131.174.82.73), directory
pub/neuro-software/pd.
Extract the simulator from the tar file by typing
at the Unix command line
Unix> gunzip -c simderella.2.0.tar.gz | tar xf -
or use your favourite extracting commands.
In the simderella/ directory, type
Unix> xmkmf
Unix> make Makefiles
Unix> make depend
Unix> make
The sub-directories are recursively visited and executables
are compiled and linked.
Supported architectures:
Sun (SunOS and Solaris)
SGI
DEC Alpha
HP700
386 et al (running Linux)
If you're impatient, execute the thing as follows:
cd bemmel; Zoscar & cd ..
cd simmel; source env; simmel1 ns & cd ..
cd connel; connel s
all on one machine. Then type commands like
fix-target 50 50 50
inverse 50 50 50
or move the mouse pointer in the bemmel window and press an `l' or
`r' or `u' or `d' or ....
Many thanks to Conor Doherty.
Patrick
------------------------------
Subject: U Sheffield position
From: Paul Mc Kevitt <P.McKevitt@dcs.shef.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 10 Mar 1994 09:37:44 +0000
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
The Department of Computer Science wishes to recruit a Lecturer Grade
A to a fixed 5 year appointment arising from the award of an SERC
Advanced Research Fellowship to Dr. P Mc Kevitt. The lectureship will
be tenable from 1/10/94 and applications are invited from anyone with
research interests in the following areas:
Cognitive Systems
Computational Models of Hearing
Speech Technology
Natural Language Processing
Computer Graphics
Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Computer Argumentation
Connectionist Language Processing
Formal Methods and Software Engineering
Theory of Computer Science
Software and systems engineering
Communication Networks
Neural Networks
Parallel Systems
Safety Critical Systems
Parallel Databases
CASE Tools for Parallel Systems
Further details are available from the Department of Computer
Science.
Closing date for applications 8th April, 1994.
Department of Computer Science
Regent Court
University of Sheffield
211 Portobello Street
GB- S1 4DP, Sheffield
England, UK, EU.
e-mail: dept@dcs.shef.ac.uk
fax: +44 742 780972
phone: +44 742 825590
------------------------------
Subject: Postdoc Research Fellowship using GAs/ANNs
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!uknet!liv!lucs!yatesdf@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Dr. D.F. Yates)
Organization: Computer Science, Liverpool University
Date: 10 Mar 1994 16:50:26 +0000
University of
Liverpool
Institute of Advanced Scientific Computation/
Department of Computer Science
POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOW
Applications (from GB Nationals) are invited for a
three year postdoctoral
research fellowship funded by the SERC, to work on a
project aimed at Small Object Recognition in Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) Images. The research will entail
an investigation of techniques for analysing, classifying
and identifying such objects using contextual and other
information, and the design of algorithms potentially
capable of real-time operation.
Applicants should possess, or shortly expect to obtain,
a PhD in an appropriate subject area; and should have a
numerate background. Experience with Genetic Algorithms
or Neural Nets and/or SAR, and exposure to image processing
techniques and software such as PV-wave and ERDAS would
be advantageous, but is not essential.
The fellowship is tenable from April or as soon as
possible thereafter. Salary will be on the University
Research Grade 1A, starting on or below point 6 - $15186 p.a.
Any interested party who would like further information
should contact Dr Derek Yates either by post at:
Department of Computer Science
University of Liverpool
P.O Box 147
Liverpool L69 3BX
or, preferably, by email: yatesdf@csc.liv.ac.uk
------------------------------
Subject: UNIPEN project of data exchange and recognizer benchmarks
From: Isabelle Guyon <isabelle@neural.att.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Mar 1994 12:08:37 -0500
- - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - < - < - < - < - < - < - < - < - < -
- - > UNIPEN project of data exchange and recognizer benchmarks < -
- - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - < - < - < - < - < - < - < - < - < -
Isabelle Guyon and Lambert Schomaker
- > - > - > - > - > - < - < - < - < - < - < -
March 1994
Content:
I - UNIPEN ftp site.
II - Scrib-L mailing list.
III - Tentative schedule for the first UNIPEN benchmark.
IV - Information on the IAPR and the Technical Committee 11.
V - Information on the Linguistic Data Consortium.
VI - Information on the US National Institute of Standards and Technologies.
VII - Wish list.
Abstract:
UNIPEN is a project of data exchange and benchmarks for on-line
handwriting recognition, started at the initiative of the technical
committee 11 of the IAPR. The data of concern may include handprint
and cursive from various alphabets, signatures and gestures
captured by a digitizing device providing the pen trajectory.
Several tens of companies and universities have already joined
UNIPEN and participated in defining a standard data format.
These data will be provided by the participants in this common
data format and distributed by the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC)
We have the pleasure to confirm that a benchmark organized by the
US National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) will take
place this year. It will be restricted to the Latin alphabet.
Subscription:
To subscribe to this news letters, please the following information to:
isabelle@neural.att.com
Name:
Affiliation:
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
------------------------------
Subject: ISIKNH'94
From: fu@cis.ufl.edu
Date: Mon, 28 Feb 1994 12:56:13 -0500
(Advance Program and Registration Information)
- ------------
ISIKNH'94 Conference Program:
(Sponsored by AAAI and University of Florida)
Time: May 9-10 1994; Place: Pensacola Beach, Florida, USA.
MAY 9, 1994:
========================================================================
Keynote Speech:
May 9, 9:00-9:45 a.m.
"Representation, Cognitive Architectures and Knowledge and Symbol Levels"
B. Chandrasekaran
========================================================================
========================================================================
Plenary Speech:
May 9, 10:00-10:45 a.m.
"Fuzzy Logic as a Basis for Knowledge Representation in Neural Networks"
Ronald R. Yager
========================================================================
========================================================================
Plenary Speech:
May 9, 11:00-11:45 a.m.
"Hybrid Models for Fuzzy Control"
Jim Bezdek
========================================================================
**** Lunch Break ****
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 1: (Integration Methodology I)
Chair: Armando F. da Rocha
May 9, 1:15-2:00 p.m.
``Integrating temporal symbolic knowledge and recurrent networks''
Christian W. Omlin, C. Lee Giles
``Implementing schemes and logics in connectionist models''
Ron Sun
``Integrating rules and neurocomputing for knowledge representation''
Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 2: (Learning)
Chair: Ron Sun
May 9, 2:15-3:00 p.m.
``Symbolic knowledge from unsupervised learning''
Tharam S. Dillon, S. Sestito, M. Witten, M. Suing
``Genetically refining topologies of
knowledge-based neural networks''
David W. Opitz, Jude W. Shavlik
``On using decision tree as feature selector for feed-forward
neural networks''
Selwyn Piramuthu, Michael Shaw
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
**** Snack Break ****
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 3: (Fuzziness and Uncertainty)
Chair: Lee Giles
May 9, 3:30-4:15 p.m.
``Modifying network architectures for certainty-factor
rule-base revision''
Jeffrey Mahoney, Raymond Mooney
``Learning EMYCIN semantics''
K.D. Nguyen, R.C. Lacher
``Special fuzzy relational methods for the recognition of speech
with neural networks''
Carlos A. Reyes, Wyllis Bandler
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 4: (Integration Methodology II)
Chair: Ron Sun
May 9, 4:30-5:30 p.m.
``Learning knowledge and strategy of a generic neuro-expert system model''
Rajiv Khosla, T. Dillon
``Integrating symbolic and neural methods for building intelligent systems''
Ricardo Jose Machado, Armando Freitas da Rocha
``Modular integration of connectionist and symbolic processing
in knowledge-based systems''
Melanie Hilario
``Symbolic computation with monotonic maps of the interval''
Ron Bartlett, Max Garzon
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poster Session:
May 9, 1:30-4:30 p.m.
``The KoDiag system Case-based diagnosis with Kohonen networks''
Jurgen Rahmel, A. von Wangenheim
``Deriving conjunctive classification rules from neural networks''
Chris Nikolopoulos
``Generalization and fault tolerance in rule-based neural networks''
Hyeoncheol Kim, L. Fu
``Low level feature extraction and hidden layer neural network training''
T. Windeatt, R.G. Tebbs
``Sleeping staging by expert networks''
Hui-Huang Hsu, L. Fu, J. Principe
``Comparison of neural network and symbolic approaches
for predicting electricity generation requirements''
Terry Janssen, Eric Bleodorn, Ron Capone, Sue Kimbrough
``Reconciling connectionism with symbolism''
Roman Pozarlik
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAY 10, 1994:
Registration: 7:30-11:00a.m.
========================================================================
Plenary Speech:
May 10, 9:00-9:45 a.m.
"Teaching the Multiplication Tables to a Neural Network: Flexibility vs. Accuracy"
James Anderson
========================================================================
========================================================================
Plenary Speech:
May 10, 10:00-10:45 a.m.
"Words and Weights: What the Network's Parameters
Tell the Network's Programmers"
Steve Gallant
========================================================================
########################################################################
Panel Discussions:
May 10, 11:00 a.m. - 12:20 p.m.
"The Future Direction of AI"
Chair: Chris Lacher
Panelists: James Anderson, Steve Gallant, Ronald Yager, Ron Sun,
Lawrence Bookman.
########################################################################
**** Lunch Break ****
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 5: (Application Methodology I--Finance and Medicine)
Chair: Sylvian R. Ray
May 10, 1:30-2:15 p.m.
``Building a knowledge base from on-line corpora''
Lawrence A. Bookman
``Multivariate prediction using prior knowledge and
neural heuristics''
Kazuhiro Kohara, Tsutomu Ishikawa
``Applying artificial neural networks to medical knowledge domain''
Harry Burke, Philip Goodman, David Rosen
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 6: (Application Methodology II--Engineering)
Chair: Lawrence Bookman
May 10, 2:30-3:15 p.m.
``Integrating knowledge from multichannel signals''
Sylvian R. Ray
``Using partitioned neural nets and heuristics for
optical character recognition''
Kai Bolik, Steven Shoemaker, Divyendu Sinha, Miriam Tausner
``An expert network approach for material selection''
Vivek Goel, Jianhua Chen
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
**** Snack Break ****
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 7: (Language, Psychology, and Cognitive Science)
Chair: Steven Walczak
May 10, 3:45-4:30 p.m.
``From biological learning to machine learning''
Iver H. Iversen
``RAAMs that can learn to encode words from
a continuous stream of letters''
Kenneth A. Hester, Michael Bringmannm,
David Langan, Marino Niccolai, William Nowack
``The psychology of associative and symbolic reasoning''
Steven Sloman
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Session 8: (Integration Methodology III)
Chair: Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis
May 10, 4:45-5:30 p.m.
``Situation awareness assessments as a means of defining
learning tasks for neural networks''
Thomas English
``Integrating neural networks and expert systems for
intelligent resource allocation in academic admissions''
Steven Walczak
``Rule constraint and game playing heuristic embedded
into a feed forward neural network''
Walter H. Johnson
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
*******
Wrap-Up
*******
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Please send your registration including a registration fee to:
Rob Francis
ISIKNH'94
DOCE/Conferences
2209 NW 13th Street, STE E
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32609-3476
USA
(Phone: 904-392-1701; fax: 904-392-6950)
[Registration fee: $250 by April 8, $300 on site, $150 for students]
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
For registration, please submit the following
information to the above address:
NAME: _______________________________________
ADDRESS: ____________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
INSTITUTION/COMPANY: ________________________
PHONE: ______________________________________
FAX: ________________________________________
E-MAIL: _____________________________________
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
End of Neuron Digest [Volume 13 Issue 13]
*****************************************
