Chronological overview of the Etruscan civilization
X century BC
Final stages of the Bronze Age civilization.
9th century BC
Early stages of the Iron Civilization; "Villanovan" culture in the territories of "proper" Etruria and its expansion towards Emilia-Romagna and Salerno. Formation of village communities.
8th century BC
Navigation of the Etruscans in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea.
Beginning of Greek colonization in the Italian peninsula.
775 approx. Settlement of the Greeks at Pithecusa, on the island of Ischia.
753 Foundation of Rome, according to the Varronian tradition.
750-725 Foundation of Cumae.
Beginning of Greek colonization in Sicily.
Development of the Villanovan in Etruria — social differentiations — foundation of pre-urban centres.
710-705 approx. Foundation of Sibari, Crotone and Taranto. Beginning of the "orientalizing" culture.
Adoption of the Greek alphabet and introduction of writing in Etruria (and Lazio).
VII century BC
First Etruscan inscriptions found in Tarquinia and Caere.
Full development of the "orientalizing" culture.
650 approx. Demaratus of Corinth settles in Tarquinia.
Corinthian influences in Etruria.
Evolutionary stage of orientalisation.
Beginning of urban civilization.
Flowering of Waxes.
Thalassocracy and commercial expansion of the coastal cities of southern Etruria.
616 Beginning of the Etruscan monarchy in Rome: reign of Tarquinius Priscus (until 578).
6th century BC
Etruscan expansion in the Valley of the Po.
580 approx. The Etruscans defeated by the Greek colonists in the sea of Lipari.
578 Beginning of the reign of Servius Tullius in Rome (until 534).
565 approx. The Greeks of Phocaea founded Alalie in Corsica.
540 approx. Cerite-Carthaginian coalition against the Phocaeans: battle of the Sardinian Sea.Etruscan control of Corsica.
534 Beginning of the reign of Tarquinius Superbus in Rome (until 5l0).
Foundation of Marzabotto and Felsina.
525 Failed expedition of the Etruscans (with Umbrians and Dauni) against Cumae.
510 Destruction of Sibari by Crotone.
Flowering of Etruscan Capua.
509 Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus and end of the Etruscan monarchy in Rome. Expansion of Chiusi in Lazio: King Porsenna in Rome.
505 approx. Porsenna's army defeated near Ariccia do Aristodemo of Cumae and by the Latins.
The Etruscans defeated by the Gauls at Ticino.
5th century BC
Thefarie Velianas lord of Caere.
War between Veii and Rome; massacre of the Fabii at the Cremera.
474 The Etruscans defeated in the waters of Cuma by the Syracusans; end of thalassocracy and crisis of the southern Etruscan cities; development of the cities of internal and northern Etruria; flowering of Po Valley and Adriatic Etruria.
454-453 Incursions of the Syracusan fleet in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Beginning of the Samnite pressure on Campania.
428 War between Veii and Rome.
426 The Latin city of Fidenae, allied with Veii, conquered by the Romans.
423 Capua occupied by the Samnites.
End of Etruscan rule in Campania.
414-413 An Etruscan contingent (perhaps from Tarquinia) takes part in the Athenian naval siege of Syracuse.
406 Beginning of the siege of Veii by the Romans.
IV century BC
396 Veii conquered and destroyed by the Romans: its territory incorporated into the Roman state.
390-386 Gallic raids in central Italy: Rome sacked and burned.
384 Incursion of the Syracusan fleet into the Tyrrhenian Sea and sacking of the sanctuary of Pyrgi.
The Syracusans in the northern Adriatic.
382 Foundation of the Roman-Latin colonies of Nepi and Sutri.Rise of Tarquinia and its hegemony over the Etruscan League.
358 Tarquinia (with Caere and Faleri) wages war against Rome.Dethronement of the king of Caere.
353 Separate peace between Caere and Rome.
351 End of the war and forty-year truce between Tarquinia and Rome.
Servile revolt in Arezzo tamed with the intervention of Tarquinia.
Marzabotto and Felsina occupied by the Gauls.
Expeditions of the Gauls in central Italy.
314 Etruscan ships in Sicily to help Agathocles of Syracuse against the Carthaginians.
311 The Etruscans at war against Rome.
The Romans penetrate central and internal Etruria.
307 Etruscans forced to make peace with Rome.
302 Roselle besieged and occupied by the Romans.
Intervention of Rome in Arezzo in support of the Cilnii family.
Servile revolts in Volterra and Roselle.
Complete decadence of Spina.
III century BC
296 The Etruscans in the "Italic" coalition against Rome.
295 The coalition defeated by the Romans at Sentino. Roman victories over the Etruscans.
284 A "slave" revolt in Arezzo.
282 The Etruscans definitively defeated by the Romans at Lake Vadimone.
280 Vulci and Vosini surrender in Rome.
Etruscan cities forced to ally with Rome: federated Etruria. Roman prefecture in Statonia.
273 Roman colonies at Cosa and at Pyrgi.
265 "Serven" revolt in Volsinii.
264 Volsinii conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
Looting of the shrine of the League.
Volsinii rebuilt on the shores of Lake Bolsena.
Colonies of Rome in Castrum Novum, Alsium and Fregene.
241 Falerii conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
Transfer of the city to another location.
225 Etruria invested by an incursion of Gauls destroyed by the Romans at Talamone. Construction of the Via Clodia.
222 Roman expeditions against the Gauls, from Etruscan bases.
Construction of the Via Flaminia.
217 Hannibal, in Etruria, defeats the Romans at Trasimeno.
209 The Romans reinforce the military garrisons in Etruria.
205 Etruscan cities contribute to Scipio's African expedition against Carthage.
2nd century BC
196 Slave revolt in Etruria.
189 Foundation of the Roman colony of Bononia.
186 Repression of the "subversive" cult of Dionysus.
183-180 Foundation of colonies of Rome in Saturnia, Gradisca and Pisa.
177 Foundation of Roman colonies in Luni and Lucca. Construction of the Via Cassia.
Progressive emancipation of servile elements in northern Etruria.
135 Journey of the tribune Tiberius Gracchus through Etruria.
133-121 Failure of the Gracchi's attempts at social reform.
130 The Etruscan Marco Perperna elected consul in Rome.
1st century BC
91 March on Rome of the Etruscans against the reforming law proposals of the tribune Livius Drusus.
Secession and war of the Italian allies against Rome.
90 Roman military interventions in Fiesole, Arezzo, Chiusi and Volsinii.
89 The Etruscans receive Roman citizenship.
Etruscan cities become "municipalities" of Roman Italy.
87 The Etruscans side with Mario.
82 Repressions by Sulla against Fiesole, Arezzo and Volterra and deduction of colonies of Roman veterans.
78 Ephemeral «popular» revolts in Fiesole and other cities.
63 Catiline takes refuge in Etruria and enlists troops in Fiesole and Arezzo.
49 The Etruscans were neutral in the civil war between Pompey and Caesar.
40 Perugia, occupied by Antony's followers, conquered and sacked by Octavian's troops.
27 The Etruscan Maecenas among Augustus' advisers and ministers.
7 Etruria becomes Region VII of Roman Italy.
