The .ZIP File Format
Part of "The QB Times issue 3"
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EDITORIAL NOTE:
This version was downloaded from the file Appnote.txt from the PKZip Website on July 13, 1998.
To obtain this file go to: http://www.pkware.com/download.html
Then download --> appnote.zip
END OF EDITORIAL NOTE
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Disclaimer
Although PKWARE will attempt to supply current and accurate information relating to its file formats, algorithms, and the subject programs, the possibility of error can not be eliminated. PKWARE therefore expressly disclaims any warranty that the information contained in the associated materials relating to the subject programs and/or the format of the files created or accessed by the subject programs and/or the algorithms used by the subject programs, or any other matter, is current, correct or accurate as delivered. Any risk of damage due to any possible inaccurate information is assumed by the user of the information. Furthermore, the information relating to the subject programs and/or the file formats created or accessed by the subject programs and/or the algorithms used by the subject programs is subject to change without notice.
General Format of a ZIP file
Files stored in arbitrary order. Large zipfiles can span multiple diskette media.
Overall zipfile format:
- [local file header + file data + data_descriptor] . . .
- [central directory] end of central directory record
A. Local file header:
local file header signature 4 bytes (0x04034b50)
version needed to extract 2 bytes
general purpose bit flag 2 bytes
compression method 2 bytes
last mod file time 2 bytes
last mod file date 2 bytes
crc-32 4 bytes
compressed size 4 bytes
uncompressed size 4 bytes
filename length 2 bytes
extra field length 2 bytes
filename (variable size)
extra field (variable size)B. Data descriptor:
crc-32 4 bytes
compressed size 4 bytes
uncompressed size 4 bytesThis descriptor exists only if bit 3 of the general purpose bit flag is set (see below). It is byte aligned and immediately follows the last byte of compressed data. This descriptor is used only when it was not possible to seek in the output zip file, e.g., when the output zip file was standard output or a non seekable device.
C. Central directory structure
[file header] . . . end of central dir record
File header:
central file header signature 4 bytes (0x02014b50)
version made by 2 bytes
version needed to extract 2 bytes
general purpose bit flag 2 bytes
compression method 2 bytes
last mod file time 2 bytes
last mod file date 2 bytes
crc-32 4 bytes
compressed size 4 bytes
uncompressed size 4 bytes
filename length 2 bytes
extra field length 2 bytes
file comment length 2 bytes
disk number start 2 bytes
internal file attributes 2 bytes
external file attributes 4 bytes
relative offset of local header 4 bytes
filename (variable size)
extra field (variable size)
file comment (variable size)End of central dir record:
end of central dir signature 4 bytes (0x06054b50)
number of this disk 2 bytes
number of the disk with the
start of the central directory 2 bytes
total number of entries in
the central dir on this disk 2 bytes
total number of entries in
the central dir 2 bytes
size of the central directory 4 bytes
offset of start of central
directory with respect to
the starting disk number 4 bytes
zipfile comment length 2 bytes
zipfile comment (variable size)D. Explanation of fields:
version made by (2 bytes)
The upper byte indicates the compatibility of the file attribute information. If the external file attributes are compatible with MS-DOS and can be read by PKZIP for DOS version 2.04g then this value will be zero. If these attributes are not compatible, then this value will identify the host system on which the attributes are compatible. Software can use this information to determine the line record format for text files etc.
The current mappings are:
- 0 - MS-DOS and OS/2 (FAT / VFAT / FAT32 file systems)
- 1 - Amiga
- 2 - VAX/VMS
- 3 - Unix
- 4 - VM/CMS
- 5 - Atari ST
- 6 - OS/2 H.P.F.S.
- 7 - Macintosh
- 8 - Z-System
- 9 - CP/M
- 10 - Windows NTFS
- 11 thru 255 - unused
The lower byte indicates the version number of the software used to encode the file. The value/10 indicates the major version number, and the value mod 10 is the minor version number.
version needed to extract (2 bytes)
The minimum software version needed to extract the file, mapped as above.
general purpose bit flag: (2 bytes)
- Bit 0: If set, indicates that the file is encrypted.
(For Method 6 - Imploding)
- Bit 1: If the compression method used was type 6, Imploding, then this bit, if set, indicates an 8K sliding dictionary was used. If clear, then a 4K sliding dictionary was used.
- Bit 2: If the compression method used was type 6, Imploding, then this bit, if set, indicates an 3 Shannon-Fano trees were used to encode the sliding dictionary output. If clear, then 2 Shannon-Fano trees were used.
(For Method 8 - Deflating)
Bit 2 Bit 1
0 0 Normal (-en) compression option was used.
0 1 Maximum (-ex) compression option was used.
1 0 Fast (-ef) compression option was used.
1 1 Super Fast (-es) compression option was used.Note: Bits 1 and 2 are undefined if the compression method is any other.
Bit 3: If this bit is set, the fields crc-32, compressed size and uncompressed size are set to zero in the local header. The correct values are put in the data descriptor immediately following the compressed data. (Note: PKZIP version 2.04g for DOS only recognizes this bit for method 8 compression, newer versions of PKZIP recognize this bit for any compression method.)
The upper three bits are reserved and used internally by the software when processing the zipfile. The remaining bits are unused.
compression method: (2 bytes)
(see accompanying documentation for algorithm descriptions)
- 0 - The file is stored (no compression)
- 1 - The file is Shrunk
- 2 - The file is Reduced with compression factor 1
- 3 - The file is Reduced with compression factor 2
- 4 - The file is Reduced with compression factor 3
- 5 - The file is Reduced with compression factor 4
- 6 - The file is Imploded
- 7 - Reserved for Tokenizing compression algorithm
- 8 - The file is Deflated
- 9 - Reserved for enhanced Deflating
- 10 - PKWARE Date Compression Library Imploding
date and time fields: (2 bytes each)
The date and time are encoded in standard MS-DOS format. If input came from standard input, the date and time are those at which compression was started for this data.
CRC-32: (4 bytes)
The CRC-32 algorithm was generously contributed by David Schwaderer and can be found in his excellent book "C Programmers Guide to NetBIOS" published by Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc. The 'magic number' for the CRC is 0xdebb20e3. The proper CRC pre and post conditioning is used, meaning that the CRC register is pre-conditioned with all ones (a starting value of 0xffffffff) and the value is post-conditioned by taking the one's complement of the CRC residual. If bit 3 of the general purpose flag is set, this field is set to zero in the local header and the correct value is put in the data descriptor and in the central directory.
compressed size: (4 bytes)
uncompressed size: (4 bytes)
The size of the file compressed and uncompressed, respectively. If bit 3 of the general purpose bit flag is set, these fields are set to zero in the local header and the correct values are put in the data descriptor and in the central directory.
- filename length: (2 bytes)
- extra field length: (2 bytes)
- file comment length: (2 bytes)
The length of the filename, extra field, and comment fields respectively. The combined length of any directory record and these three fields should not generally exceed 65,535 bytes. If input came from standard input, the filename length is set to zero.
disk number start: (2 bytes)
The number of the disk on which this file begins.
internal file attributes: (2 bytes)
The lowest bit of this field indicates, if set, that the file is apparently an ASCII or text file. If not set, that the file apparently contains binary data. The remaining bits are unused in version 1.0.
external file attributes: (4 bytes)
The mapping of the external attributes is host-system dependent (see 'version made by'). For MS-DOS, the low order byte is the MS-DOS directory attribute byte. If input came from standard input, this field is set to zero.
relative offset of local header: (4 bytes)
This is the offset from the start of the first disk on which this file appears, to where the local header should be found.
filename: (Variable)
The name of the file, with optional relative path. The path stored should not contain a drive or device letter, or a leading slash. All slashes should be forward slashes '/' as opposed to backwards slashes '\' for compatibility with Amiga and Unix file systems etc. If input came from standard input, there is no filename field.
extra field: (Variable)
This is for future expansion. If additional information needs to be stored in the future, it should be stored here. Earlier versions of the software can then safely skip this file, and find the next file or header. This field will be 0 length in version 1.0.
In order to allow different programs and different types of information to be stored in the 'extra' field in .ZIP files, the following structure should be used for all programs storing data in this field:
header1+data1 + header2+data2 . . .
Each header should consist of:
- Header ID - 2 bytes
- Data Size - 2 bytes
Note: all fields stored in Intel low-byte/high-byte order.
The Header ID field indicates the type of data that is in the following data block.
Header ID's of 0 thru 31 are reserved for use by PKWARE. The remaining ID's can be used by third party vendors for proprietary usage.
The current Header ID mappings defined by PKWARE are:
0x0007 AV Info
0x0009 OS/2
0x000c VAX/VMS
0x000d reserved for UnixSeveral third party mappings commonly used are:
0x4b46 FWKCS MD5 (see below)
0x07c8 Macintosh
0x4341 Acorn/SparkFS
0x4453 Windows NT security descriptor (binary ACL)
0x4704 VM/CMS
0x470f MVS
0x4c41 OS/2 access control list (text ACL)
0x4d49 Info-ZIP VMS (VAX or Alpha)
0x5455 extended timestamp
0x5855 Info-ZIP Unix (original, also OS/2, NT, etc)
0x6542 BeOS/BeBox
0x756e ASi Unix
0x7855 Info-ZIP Unix (new)
0xfd4a SMS/QDOSThe Data Size field indicates the size of the following data block. Programs can use this value to skip to the next header block, passing over any data blocks that are not of interest.
Note: As stated above, the size of the entire .ZIP file header, including the filename, comment, and extra field should not exceed 64K in size.
In case two different programs should appropriate the same Header ID value, it is strongly recommended that each program place a unique signature of at least two bytes in size (and preferably 4 bytes or bigger) at the start of each data area. Every program should verify that its unique signature is present, in addition to the Header ID value being correct, before assuming that it is a block of known type.
-OS/2 Extra Field:
The following is the layout of the OS/2 attributes "extra" block. (Last Revision 09/05/95)
Note: all fields stored in Intel low-byte/high-byte order.
Value Size Description
----- ---- -----------
(OS/2) 0x0009 Short Tag for this "extra" block type
TSize Short Size for the following data block
BSize Long Uncompressed Block Size
CType Short Compression type
EACRC Long CRC value for uncompress block
(var) variable Compressed blockThe OS/2 extended attribute structure (FEA2LIST) is compressed and then stored in it's entirety within this structure. There will only ever be one "block" of data in VarFields[].
-VAX/VMS Extra Field:
The following is the layout of the VAX/VMS attributes "extra" block. (Last Revision 12/17/91)
Note: all fields stored in Intel low-byte/high-byte order.
Value Size Description
----- ---- -----------
(VMS) 0x000c Short Tag for this "extra" block type
TSize Short Size of the total "extra" block
CRC Long 32-bit CRC for remainder of the block
Tag1 Short VMS attribute tag value #1
Size1 Short Size of attribute #1, in bytes
(var.) Size1 Attribute #1 data
.
.
.
TagN Short VMS attribute tage value #N
SizeN Short Size of attribute #N, in bytes
(var.) SizeN Attribute #N dataRules:
- There will be one or more of attributes present, which will each be preceded by the above TagX & SizeX values. These values are identical to the ATR$C_XXXX and ATR$S_XXXX constants which are defined in ATR.H under VMS C. Neither of these values will ever be zero.
- No word alignment or padding is performed.
- A well-behaved PKZIP/VMS program should never produce more than one sub-block with the same TagX value. Also, there will never be more than one "extra" block of type 0x000c in a particular directory record.
- FWKCS MD5 Extra Field:
The FWKCS Contents_Signature System, used in automatically identifying files independent of filename, optionally adds and uses an extra field to support the rapid creation of an enhanced contents_signature:
Header ID = 0x4b46
Data Size = 0x0013
Preface = 'M','D','5'followed by 16 bytes containing the uncompressed file's 128_bit MD5 hash(1), low byte first.
When FWKCS revises a zipfile central directory to add this extra field for a file, it also replaces the central directory entry for that file's uncompressed filelength with a measured value.
FWKCS provides an option to strip this extra field, if present, from a zipfile central directory. In adding this extra field, FWKCS preserves Zipfile Authenticity Verification; if stripping this extra field, FWKCS preserves all versions of AV through PKZIP version 2.04g.
FWKCS, and FWKCS Contents_Signature System, are trademarks of Frederick W. Kantor.
(1) R. Rivest, RFC1321.TXT, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and RSA Data Security, Inc., April 1992. ll.76-77: "The MD5 algorithm is being placed in the public domain for review and possible adoption as a standard."
file comment: (Variable)
The comment for this file.
number of this disk: (2 bytes)
The number of this disk, which contains central directory end record.
number of the disk with the start of the central directory: (2 bytes)
The number of the disk on which the central directory starts.
total number of entries in the central dir on this disk: (2 bytes)
The number of central directory entries on this disk.
total number of entries in the central dir: (2 bytes)
The total number of files in the zipfile.
size of the central directory: (4 bytes)
The size (in bytes) of the entire central directory.
offset of start of central directory with respect to the starting disk number: (4 bytes)
Offset of the start of the central directory on the disk on which the central directory starts.
zipfile comment length: (2 bytes)
The length of the comment for this zipfile.
zipfile comment: (Variable)
The comment for this zipfile.
D. General notes
- All fields unless otherwise noted are unsigned and stored in Intel low-byte:high-byte, low-word:high-word order.
- String fields are not null terminated, since the length is given explicitly.
- Local headers should not span disk boundaries. Also, even though the central directory can span disk boundaries, no single record in the central directory should be split across disks.
- The entries in the central directory may not necessarily be in the same order that files appear in the zipfile.
UnShrinking - Method 1
Shrinking is a Dynamic Ziv-Lempel-Welch compression algorithm with partial clearing. The initial code size is 9 bits, and the maximum code size is 13 bits. Shrinking differs from conventional Dynamic Ziv-Lempel-Welch implementations in several respects:
- The code size is controlled by the compressor, and is not automatically increased when codes larger than the current code size are created (but not necessarily used). When the decompressor encounters the code sequence 256 (decimal) followed by 1, it should increase the code size read from the input stream to the next bit size. No blocking of the codes is performed, so the next code at the increased size should be read from the input stream immediately after where the previous code at the smaller bit size was read. Again, the decompressor should not increase the code size used until the sequence 256,1 is encountered.
- When the table becomes full, total clearing is not performed. Rather, when the compressor emits the code sequence 256,2 (decimal), the decompressor should clear all leaf nodes from the Ziv-Lempel tree, and continue to use the current code size. The nodes that are cleared from the Ziv-Lempel tree are then re-used, with the lowest code value re-used first, and the highest code value re-used last. The compressor can emit the sequence 256,2 at any time.
Expanding - Methods 2-5
The Reducing algorithm is actually a combination of two distinct algorithms. The first algorithm compresses repeated byte sequences, and the second algorithm takes the compressed stream from the first algorithm and applies a probabilistic compression method.
The probabilistic compression stores an array of 'follower sets' S(j), for j=0 to 255, corresponding to each possible ASCII character. Each set contains between 0 and 32 characters, to be denoted as S(j)[0],...,S(j)[m], where m<32. The sets are stored at the beginning of the data area for a Reduced file, in reverse order, with S(255) first, and S(0) last.
The sets are encoded as { N(j), S(j)[0],...,S(j)[N(j)-1] }, where N(j) is the size of set S(j). N(j) can be 0, in which case the follower set for S(j) is empty. Each N(j) value is encoded in 6 bits, followed by N(j) eight bit character values corresponding to S(j)[0] to S(j)[N(j)-1] respectively. If N(j) is 0, then no values for S(j) are stored, and the value for N(j-1) immediately follows.
Immediately after the follower sets, is the compressed data stream. The compressed data stream can be interpreted for the probabilistic decompression as follows:
let Last-Character <- 0.
loop until done
if the follower set S(Last-Character) is empty then
read 8 bits from the input stream, and copy this
value to the output stream.
otherwise if the follower set S(Last-Character) is non-empty then
read 1 bit from the input stream.
if this bit is not zero then
read 8 bits from the input stream, and copy this
value to the output stream.
otherwise if this bit is zero then
read B(N(Last-Character)) bits from the input
stream, and assign this value to I.
Copy the value of S(Last-Character)[I] to the
output stream.
assign the last value placed on the output stream to
Last-Character.
end loopB(N(j)) is defined as the minimal number of bits required to encode the value N(j)-1.
The decompressed stream from above can then be expanded to re-create the original file as follows:
let State <- 0.
loop until done
read 8 bits from the input stream into C.
case State of
0: if C is not equal to DLE (144 decimal) then
copy C to the output stream.
otherwise if C is equal to DLE then
let State <- 1.
1: if C is non-zero then
let V <- C.
let Len <- L(V)
let State <- F(Len).
otherwise if C is zero then
copy the value 144 (decimal) to the output stream.
let State <- 0
2: let Len <- Len + C
let State <- 3.
3: move backwards D(V,C) bytes in the output stream
(if this position is before the start of the output
stream, then assume that all the data before the
start of the output stream is filled with zeros).
copy Len+3 bytes from this position to the output stream.
let State <- 0.
end case
end loopThe functions F,L, and D are dependent on the 'compression factor', 1 through 4, and are defined as follows:
For compression factor 1:
- L(X) equals the lower 7 bits of X.
- F(X) equals 2 if X equals 127 otherwise F(X) equals 3.
- D(X,Y) equals the (upper 1 bit of X) * 256 + Y + 1.
For compression factor 2:
- L(X) equals the lower 6 bits of X.
- F(X) equals 2 if X equals 63 otherwise F(X) equals 3.
- D(X,Y) equals the (upper 2 bits of X) * 256 + Y + 1.
For compression factor 3:
- L(X) equals the lower 5 bits of X.
- F(X) equals 2 if X equals 31 otherwise F(X) equals 3.
- D(X,Y) equals the (upper 3 bits of X) * 256 + Y + 1.
For compression factor 4:
- L(X) equals the lower 4 bits of X.
- F(X) equals 2 if X equals 15 otherwise F(X) equals 3.
- D(X,Y) equals the (upper 4 bits of X) * 256 + Y + 1.
Imploding - Method 6
The Imploding algorithm is actually a combination of two distinct algorithms. The first algorithm compresses repeated byte sequences using a sliding dictionary. The second algorithm is used to compress the encoding of the sliding dictionary output, using multiple Shannon-Fano trees.
The Imploding algorithm can use a 4K or 8K sliding dictionary size. The dictionary size used can be determined by bit 1 in the general purpose flag word; a 0 bit indicates a 4K dictionary while a 1 bit indicates an 8K dictionary.
The Shannon-Fano trees are stored at the start of the compressed file. The number of trees stored is defined by bit 2 in the general purpose flag word; a 0 bit indicates two trees stored, a 1 bit indicates three trees are stored. If 3 trees are stored, the first Shannon-Fano tree represents the encoding of the Literal characters, the second tree represents the encoding of the Length information, the third represents the encoding of the Distance information. When 2 Shannon-Fano trees are stored, the Length tree is stored first, followed by the Distance tree.
The Literal Shannon-Fano tree, if present is used to represent the entire ASCII character set, and contains 256 values. This tree is used to compress any data not compressed by the sliding dictionary algorithm. When this tree is present, the Minimum Match Length for the sliding dictionary is 3. If this tree is not present, the Minimum Match Length is 2.
The Length Shannon-Fano tree is used to compress the Length part of the (length,distance) pairs from the sliding dictionary output. The Length tree contains 64 values, ranging from the Minimum Match Length, to 63 plus the Minimum Match Length.
The Distance Shannon-Fano tree is used to compress the Distance part of the (length,distance) pairs from the sliding dictionary output. The Distance tree contains 64 values, ranging from 0 to 63, representing the upper 6 bits of the distance value. The distance values themselves will be between 0 and the sliding dictionary size, either 4K or 8K.
The Shannon-Fano trees themselves are stored in a compressed format. The first byte of the tree data represents the number of bytes of data representing the (compressed) Shannon-Fano tree minus 1. The remaining bytes represent the Shannon-Fano tree data encoded as:
- High 4 bits: Number of values at this bit length + 1. (1 - 16)
- Low 4 bits: Bit Length needed to represent value + 1. (1 - 16)
The Shannon-Fano codes can be constructed from the bit lengths using the following algorithm:
1) Sort the Bit Lengths in ascending order, while retaining the order of the original lengths stored in the file.
2) Generate the Shannon-Fano trees:
Code <- 0
CodeIncrement <- 0
LastBitLength <- 0
i <- number of Shannon-Fano codes - 1 (either 255 or 63)
loop while i >= 0
Code = Code + CodeIncrement
if BitLength(i) <> LastBitLength then
LastBitLength=BitLength(i)
CodeIncrement = 1 shifted left (16 - LastBitLength)
ShannonCode(i) = Code
i <- i - 1
end loop3) Reverse the order of all the bits in the above ShannonCode() vector, so that the most significant bit becomes the least significant bit. For example, the value 0x1234 (hex) would become 0x2C48 (hex).
4) Restore the order of Shannon-Fano codes as originally stored within the file.
Example:
This example will show the encoding of a Shannon-Fano tree of size 8. Notice that the actual Shannon-Fano trees used for Imploding are either 64 or 256 entries in size.
Example: 0x02, 0x42, 0x01, 0x13
The first byte indicates 3 values in this table. Decoding the bytes:
0x42 = 5 codes of 3 bits long
0x01 = 1 code of 2 bits long
0x13 = 2 codes of 4 bits longThis would generate the original bit length array of: (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4)
There are 8 codes in this table for the values 0 thru 7. Using the algorithm to obtain the Shannon-Fano codes produces:
Reversed Order Original
Val Sorted Constructed Code Value Restored Length
--- ------ ----------------- -------- -------- ------
0: 2 1100000000000000 11 101 3
1: 3 1010000000000000 101 001 3
2: 3 1000000000000000 001 110 3
3: 3 0110000000000000 110 010 3
4: 3 0100000000000000 010 100 3
5: 3 0010000000000000 100 11 2
6: 4 0001000000000000 1000 1000 4
7: 4 0000000000000000 0000 0000 4The values in the Val, Order Restored and Original Length columns now represent the Shannon-Fano encoding tree that can be used for decoding the Shannon-Fano encoded data. How to parse the variable length Shannon-Fano values from the data stream is beyond the scope of this document. (See the references listed at the end of this document for more information.) However, traditional decoding schemes used for Huffman variable length decoding, such as the Greenlaw algorithm, can be successfully applied.
The compressed data stream begins immediately after the compressed Shannon-Fano data. The compressed data stream can be interpreted as follows:
loop until done
read 1 bit from input stream.
if this bit is non-zero then (encoded data is literal data)
if Literal Shannon-Fano tree is present
read and decode character using Literal Shannon-Fano tree.
otherwise
read 8 bits from input stream.
copy character to the output stream.
otherwise (encoded data is sliding dictionary match)
if 8K dictionary size
read 7 bits for offset Distance (lower 7 bits of offset).
otherwise
read 6 bits for offset Distance (lower 6 bits of offset).
using the Distance Shannon-Fano tree, read and decode the
upper 6 bits of the Distance value.
using the Length Shannon-Fano tree, read and decode
the Length value.
Length <- Length + Minimum Match Length
if Length = 63 + Minimum Match Length
read 8 bits from the input stream,
add this value to Length.
move backwards Distance+1 bytes in the output stream, and
copy Length characters from this position to the output
stream. (if this position is before the start of the output
stream, then assume that all the data before the start of
the output stream is filled with zeros).
end loopTokenizing - Method 7
This method is not used by PKZIP.
Deflating - Method 8
The Deflate algorithm is similar to the Implode algorithm using a sliding dictionary of up to 32K with secondary compression from Huffman/Shannon-Fano codes.
The compressed data is stored in blocks with a header describing the block and the Huffman codes used in the data block. The header format is as follows:
Bit 0: Last Block bit This bit is set to 1 if this is the last
compressed block in the data.
Bits 1-2: Block type
00 (0) - Block is stored - All stored data is byte aligned.
Skip bits until next byte, then next word = block length,
followed by the ones compliment of the block length word.
Remaining data in block is the stored data.
01 (1) - Use fixed Huffman codes for literal and distance codes.
Lit Code Bits Dist Code Bits
--------- ---- --------- ----
0 - 143 8 0 - 31 5
144 - 255 9
256 - 279 7
280 - 287 8
Literal codes 286-287 and distance codes 30-31 are never
used but participate in the huffman construction.
10 (2) - Dynamic Huffman codes. (See expanding Huffman codes)
11 (3) - Reserved - Flag a "Error in compressed data" if seen.Expanding Huffman Codes
If the data block is stored with dynamic Huffman codes, the Huffman codes are sent in the following compressed format:
5 Bits: # of Literal codes sent - 256 (256 - 286)
All other codes are never sent.
5 Bits: # of Dist codes - 1 (1 - 32)
4 Bits: # of Bit Length codes - 3 (3 - 19)The Huffman codes are sent as bit lengths and the codes are built as described in the implode algorithm. The bit lengths themselves are compressed with Huffman codes. There are 19 bit length codes:
0 - 15: Represent bit lengths of 0 - 15
16: Copy the previous bit length 3 - 6 times.
The next 2 bits indicate repeat length (0 = 3, ... ,3 = 6)
Example: Codes 8, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10) will
expand to 12 bit lengths of 8 (1 + 6 + 5)
17: Repeat a bit length of 0 for 3 - 10 times. (3 bits of length)
18: Repeat a bit length of 0 for 11 - 138 times (7 bits of length)The lengths of the bit length codes are sent packed 3 bits per value (0 - 7) in the following order:
16, 17, 18, 0, 8, 7, 9, 6, 10, 5, 11, 4, 12, 3, 13, 2, 14, 1, 15The Huffman codes should be built as described in the Implode algorithm except codes are assigned starting at the shortest bit length, i.e. the shortest code should be all 0's rather than all 1's. Also, codes with a bit length of zero do not participate in the tree construction. The codes are then used to decode the bit lengths for the literal and distance tables.
The bit lengths for the literal tables are sent first with the number of entries sent described by the 5 bits sent earlier. There are up to 286 literal characters; the first 256 represent the respective 8 bit character, code 256 represents the End-Of-Block code, the remaining 29 codes represent copy lengths of 3 thru 258. There are up to 30 distance codes representing distances from 1 thru 32k as described below.
Length Codes
------------
Extra Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Length Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Length(s)
---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ---------
257 0 3 265 1 11,12 273 3 35-42 281 5 131-162
258 0 4 266 1 13,14 274 3 43-50 282 5 163-194
259 0 5 267 1 15,16 275 3 51-58 283 5 195-226
260 0 6 268 1 17,18 276 3 59-66 284 5 227-257
261 0 7 269 2 19-22 277 4 67-82 285 0 258
262 0 8 270 2 23-26 278 4 83-98
263 0 9 271 2 27-30 279 4 99-114
264 0 10 272 2 31-34 280 4 115-130
Distance Codes
--------------
Extra Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Dist Code Bits Dist Code Bits Distance Code Bits Distance
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- -------- ---- ---- --------
0 0 1 8 3 17-24 16 7 257-384 24 11 4097-6144
1 0 2 9 3 25-32 17 7 385-512 25 11 6145-8192
2 0 3 10 4 33-48 18 8 513-768 26 12 8193-12288
3 0 4 11 4 49-64 19 8 769-1024 27 12 12289-16384
4 1 5,6 12 5 65-96 20 9 1025-1536 28 13 16385-24576
5 1 7,8 13 5 97-128 21 9 1537-2048 29 13 24577-32768
6 2 9-12 14 6 129-192 22 10 2049-3072
7 2 13-16 15 6 193-256 23 10 3073-4096The compressed data stream begins immediately after the compressed header data. The compressed data stream can be interpreted as follows:
do
read header from input stream.
if stored block
skip bits until byte aligned
read count and 1's compliment of count
copy count bytes data block
otherwise
loop until end of block code sent
decode literal character from input stream
if literal < 256
copy character to the output stream
otherwise
if literal = end of block
break from loop
otherwise
decode distance from input stream
move backwards distance bytes in the output stream, and
copy length characters from this position to the output
stream.
end loop
while not last block
if data descriptor exists
skip bits until byte aligned
read crc and sizes
endifDecryption
The encryption used in PKZIP was generously supplied by Roger Schlafly. PKWARE is grateful to Mr. Schlafly for his expert help and advice in the field of data encryption.
PKZIP encrypts the compressed data stream. Encrypted files must be decrypted before they can be extracted.
Each encrypted file has an extra 12 bytes stored at the start of the data area defining the encryption header for that file. The encryption header is originally set to random values, and then itself encrypted, using three, 32-bit keys. The key values are initialized using the supplied encryption password. After each byte is encrypted, the keys are then updated using pseudo-random number generation techniques in combination with the same CRC-32 algorithm used in PKZIP and described elsewhere in this document.
The following is the basic steps required to decrypt a file:
- Initialize the three 32-bit keys with the password.
- Read and decrypt the 12-byte encryption header, further initializing the encryption keys.
- Read and decrypt the compressed data stream using the encryption keys.
Step 1 - Initializing the encryption keys
Key(0) <- 305419896
Key(1) <- 591751049
Key(2) <- 878082192
loop for i <- 0 to length(password)-1
update_keys(password(i))
end loopWhere update_keys() is defined as:
update_keys(char):
Key(0) <- crc32(key(0),char)
Key(1) <- Key(1) + (Key(0) & 000000ffH)
Key(1) <- Key(1) * 134775813 + 1
Key(2) <- crc32(key(2),key(1) >> 24)
end update_keysWhere crc32(old_crc, char) is a routine that given a CRC value and a character, returns an updated CRC value after applying the CRC-32 algorithm described elsewhere in this document.
Step 2 - Decrypting the encryption header
The purpose of this step is to further initialize the encryption keys, based on random data, to render a plaintext attack on the data ineffective.
Read the 12-byte encryption header into Buffer, in locations Buffer(0) thru Buffer(11).
loop for i <- 0 to 11
C <- buffer(i) ^ decrypt_byte()
update_keys(C)
buffer(i) <- C
end loopWhere decrypt_byte() is defined as:
unsigned char decrypt_byte()
local unsigned short temp
temp <- Key(2) | 2
decrypt_byte <- (temp * (temp ^ 1)) >> 8
end decrypt_byteAfter the header is decrypted, the last 1 or 2 bytes in Buffer should be the high-order word/byte of the CRC for the file being decrypted, stored in Intel low-byte/high-byte order. Versions of PKZIP prior to 2.0 used a 2 byte CRC check; a 1 byte CRC check is used on versions after 2.0. This can be used to test if the password supplied is correct or not.
Step 3 - Decrypting the compressed data stream
The compressed data stream can be decrypted as follows:
loop until done
read a character into C
Temp <- C ^ decrypt_byte()
update_keys(temp)
output Temp
end loopIn addition to the above mentioned contributors to PKZIP and PKUNZIP, I would like to extend special thanks to Robert Mahoney for suggesting the extension .ZIP for this software.
References
- Fiala, Edward R., and Greene, Daniel H., "Data compression with finite windows", Communications of the ACM, Volume 32, Number 4, April 1989, pages 490-505.
- Held, Gilbert, "Data Compression, Techniques and Applications, Hardware and Software Considerations", John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
- Huffman, D.A., "A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 40, Number 9, September 1952, pages 1098-1101.
- Nelson, Mark, "LZW Data Compression", Dr. Dobbs Journal, Volume 14, Number 10, October 1989, pages 29-37.
- Nelson, Mark, "The Data Compression Book", M&T Books, 1991.
- Storer, James A., "Data Compression, Methods and Theory", Computer Science Press, 1988
- Welch, Terry, "A Technique for High-Performance Data Compression", IEEE Computer, Volume 17, Number 6, June 1984, pages 8-19.
- Ziv, J. and Lempel, A., "A universal algorithm for sequential data compression", Communications of the ACM, Volume 30, Number 6, June 1987, pages 520-540.
- Ziv, J. and Lempel, A., "Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate coding", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Volume 24, Number 5, September 1978, pages 530-536.
