The Ancient Ica Stones of Dr. Cabrera
A unique time capsule of images is located in Ica, Peru.
Twenty thousand stones and tablets decorated with a large assortment of engravings, some of them misplaced and anachronistic. The owner of this collection was a physicist, amateur archaeologist and geologist Dr. Javier Cabrera Darquea.
Most of the material used is grey andesite, granite matrix, semi-crystalline, very hard, difficult to carve. People in the region have been finding such stones for centuries, since the 1500s. On the stones are depicted scenes of surgery and very sophisticated medical practices, in some cases much more advanced than today: Caesarean sections, blood transfusions, acupuncture as an anaesthetic, delicate operations on the lungs or kidneys and the removal of tumours are represented.
There are also detailed pictures of open heart or brain operations, and stones describing a heart transplant following the entire procedure. Some doctors have verified that even a brain transplant is shown in the stones, proving that prehistoric surgeons were highly advanced in medicine than we are.
IN DETAIL
Neo-positivist persons usually believe that the more the civilization of humans goes on, the more, as a consequence, technology improves and advances. In this view, the past is always seen as an era of backwardness and "ignorance". At the end of the nineteenth century, in some European countries, falling ill with pneumonia meant certain death; today, fortunately, it is no longer so.
Forty years ago, the first computers with valves took up entire rooms and had a very limited calculation capacity; today, a portable computer does not weigh more than a couple of kilos, fits comfortably in a bag and allows us, through the Internet, to communicate with the entire world. The examples could go on and on, but they would always confirm the same thing: the past is dark and antiquated, the present and the future are bright and characterized by a higher technological quality. But perhaps things are not like that: perhaps, in the past of our planet, there was a civilization in possession of technology far superior to any we possess. Incredible? Perhaps not, judging by what the evidence might be...
The desert of Ocucaje, in Peru, is an arid and sandy territory situated at the foot of the Andes, near the plateau of Nazca, famous for its drawings, and not far from Paracas, locality known for its "sand candelabra". The desert has a great archaeological relevance, since, at the beginning of 1900, vast necropolis of the Nasca and Paracas cultures (dated between 400 B.C. and 400 A.D.) were discovered, containing hundreds of mummies and thousands of gold objects, elements of the funerary outfit of the buried. The valley, in fact, together with those of Pisco and Nazca, was part of the Chincha empire, an empire preceding the Inca one.
In this area, in 1961, several bulldozers were used to excavate and build a cistern to collect water for irrigation. Some time later, in the same area, the river Ica, near which there is a village of the same name, swelled and flooded the surrounding areas; eroding the slopes of the hills of Haciendes, Ocucaje and Callago, the overflow brought to light a large amount of stones of various sizes, from small pebbles to boulders of more than two quintals, which showed very interesting engravings.
In May, five years later, a local farmer, Felix Llosa Romero, donated one of these stones to a childhood friend of him, Dr. Javier Cabrera Darquea, a surgeon at the hospital in Ica, a professor of biology and anthropology at the University of Ica, an archaeologist as a hobby, a man of great culture and remarkable open-mindedness, so that he could use it as a paperweight. Dr. Cabrera, obviously, did not consider "a stone", even if with a characteristic dark colour and an incredibly roundish shape (too roundish even for a river pebble), a gift to be considered too precious.
However, some features of this one made him reconsider the importance of his gift. First of all, Cabrera was impressed by the weight of the river pebble, excessive and disproportionate compared to the small size of the stone; moreover, when he observed the stone more carefully, he noticed a strange engraving on it, depicting an "unknown fish", to use Cabrera's own words. Intrigued by that strange drawing, Cabrera conducted some research and, with evident astonishment, discovered that the fish represented on that stone was an agnathus, a species extinct for several thousand years. Surprised by his discovery, Cabrera asked his friend Romero about the origin of his gift: that stone, along with many others, were sold for very little money by the farmers of Ocucaje.
The peasants of Ocucaje, in fact, used to supplement the earnings from working the land by devoting themselves to a clandestine activity, but much more profitable: the looting of graves, which, as mentioned before, in that area abound in number and wealth. In Quechua, the ancient language of the place, the term huaca is used to indicate every sacred object: since the gifts left in the trousseau of the deceased are considered sacred, those who steal them are called huaquero.
When the haqueros, visiting those ancient tombs, unexpectedly found hundreds of stones with designs totally different from those of the ceramics and any other Nasca or Paracas finds, they thought, evidently, that they were stones without archaeological value and began to sell them to tourists.
But let us return to Cabrera. Driven by an irrepressible inquisitive spirit and an enormous curiosity about the obscure origin of those stones, Cabrera learned that the Regional Museum of Ica also possessed some specimens, which, however, were not exhibited because they were considered forgeries made by the huaqueros, the farmers of the Ocucaje desert. Rejected by the museum director Adolfo Bermúdez, the hypothesis of verifying their authenticity, Cabrera decided to go it alone and study the stones. Cabrera began, then, to collect as many stones as possible, buying them on the market and personally searching for them in the area of Ica, to study and catalogue them. In the end, he managed to put together a stone collection of about 15,000 stones, which he decided to exhibit at his own expense at the House of Culture of Ica, to whose direction he had recently been called.
Before we go ahead and tackle the "history of stone history," let's take a closer look at them. From a scientific point of view, the stones are made of granite matrix andesite, a semi-crystalline river rock formed during the Mesozoic (about 250 million years ago) by the disintegration of the Andean massif. They vary in size: the smallest are no larger than about ten centimeters, the largest are about one meter wide; they are gray in color, due to natural oxidation, which occurred about 12,000 years ago, and with a hardness calculated at 4.5 points on the Mohs scale. The oxide layer is present on all the surface of the stone, also inside the furrows: this makes us suppose, enough logically, that the furrows have been practiced in an antecedent period to the moment in which the process of oxidation has begun. In short, if the geological dating is exact, we can conclude that the furrows are at least 12,000 years old. Conclusion, needless to say, shocking: in fact, the first populations (primitive) settled in America between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago and it is difficult to imagine that one of these had the technological knowledge to engrave a material such as andesite, whose relative hardness is very close to that of diamond. To support the inexactness of this hypothesis, then, concurs another factor, probably the fundamental one and, at the same time, the most shocking: the themes of the designs. On the stones, in fact, there are representations of dinosaurs, extinct animals, surgical operations, instruments and technologies of recent or very recent development and many other knowledges that, certainly, could not be in possession of such ancient civilizations.
Using Cabrera's classification, engravings can be divided into the following categories:
- prehistoric animals;
- astronomy and astronautics;
- ancient continents;
- planetary cataclysms;
- medicine;
- races on the planet;
- flora and fauna;
- exodus of men to Earth;
- musical instruments.
Let's analyze briefly some of them. Regarding the first category, it must be said, first of all, that many stones appear very similar, differing only for small details: in light of this, Cabrera hypothesized (and the direct study confirmed it) that certain stones with similar drawings could belong to the same series. For example, in a series composed of 205 pieces, Cabrera found described the reproductive cycle and the development of the Agnatus (a Paleozoic fish without jaws, extinct since 400 million years); another series represents the evolutionary cycle of the Stegosaurus, another of the Triceratops (proving that these animals reproduced like amphibians), another still, formed by 48 stones, represents the evolution of the Megachirotterus, a sort of giant ancestor of the bat, that the stones demonstrate to have been oviparous and not viviparous, as it is thought for a long time. Again, we find many representations of dinosaurs of the Mesozoic period, such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex. Other stones depict men (with disproportionate heads compared to the body) on horseback of what appear to be dinosaurs (for example, on a stone we can see two men riding a Pterodactyl while, with a telescope, they observe a Stegosaurus); others still in attitudes similar to those that, today, we might have with our pets.
These depictions suggest that, in the past, there was a time when humans and dinosaurs lived together and at the same time.
Such hypothesis has been "confirmed" from the finding, near Acambaro, in the Sierra Madre, in Mexico of strange statuettes which represent men, in garments of oriental style and provided of various weapons, in company of prehistoric animals. In 1945 Waldemar Julsrud, German trader, during a horseback ride on his ranch found a reddish ceramic figurine of this type. With the help of his native collaborator, Julsrud managed to put together as many as 33,000. These figurines depicted dinosaurs, brontosaurs, snakes, camels, with characters with faces, stature and clothing each time different from each other; they represented female figures playing with crocodiles and stegosaurs, in attitudes towards domestic animals.
In 1972, these figurines were examined in American laboratories and dated to 2500 BC. About five thousand years ago, however, dinosaurs did not exist and, what is much more mysterious, nobody knew that they had existed. To confirm the coexistence of humans and dinosaurs also fossilized human footprints along with those of dinosaurs, many examples of which are found in the book by Michael Cremo and Richard Thompson titled Forbidden Archaeology: The Secret History of the Human Race.
Footprints and footwear impressions have been found in a 110 million year old layer in Carson City, Kentucky. At Laetoli in Tanzania, human fossil tracks are mixed with dinosaur tracks. At Macoupin in Illinois fossilized human footprints are found in a Carboniferous layer and therefore dating back 300 million years. In the Havasupai Canyon there are the wall paintings of a T-Rex, in the Big Sandy River those of a Stegosaurus. In Turkmenistan a human imprint is next to that of a prehistoric animal. From the location of the footprints, it appears that man was hunting the animal. In the bed of the Paluxy River in Texas, paleontologists at the University of California have deemed dinosaur and human footprints authentic. Other fossilized human footprints in Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Illinois, New Mexico, Kentucky and other states in 250-million-year-old rocks. Carl Baugh, of Pennsylvania State University, Texas, found in a layer of rock dated 140 million years ago the footprints of a man next to those of a dinosaur.
The incredible discovery was soon branded as a blatant fake, but in 1984, following further excavations in the same area conducted by archaeologist Hilton Hinderliter, skeptics were forced to change their minds by virtue of the discovery of the footprints of two saurians and a human in the same geological layer dating back at least 65 million years ago. In Ocucaje itself, human skeletons were discovered by Dr. Jimenez del Oso next to those of dinosaurs.
Wanting to make a rational hypothesis, we could hypothesize that the representation of men in company of dinosaurs is fruit of a Jungian archetypal fantasy: the ancient engravers have imagined the existence of enormous and gigantic beings and, in order to exorcize them and in order to "bamboozle" them, they have represented them in their company, like to want to communicate the availability to live together. Or, it can be assumed that already 12,000 years ago they existed men who, casually found and studied fossils of dinosaurs, have tried to reconstruct the aspect of those ancient mastodons. In short, we can hypothesize that some "paleo-paleontologists" have existed, which have represented, on the stones, their reconstructions, hypothesizing, they, that men and dinosaurs, in past, have lived together. To this purpose, we bring back a passage of a legend of the Zuni Indians (natives of New Mexico) which seems to describe, with simple and aimed terminology, the process of fossilization.
[...] there lived on earth huge monsters [...]. Then the inhabitants of heaven said to these animals, "We will turn you into stone, so that you can no longer harm men, and you will bring them knowledge and benefit". After this was said the earth's crust hardened and the animals became stone [...].
It has been observed that many species of dinosaurs represented on the stones were not present in the area of the finding, therefore the stones are certainly a later fake, and that the quality of the engravings and representations improves in the stones discovered in more recent times. An answer to every objection. Not even today, we can know how were the evolutionary stages of the animals studied by Darwin, yet, using biological and evolutionary criteria, this reconstruction has been possible and now we have enough precise images. Considering, then, the clamor aroused by the "affair" it is obvious that many forgers have been engaged to realize stones that, to be attractive to the tourists of those zones, had also to be "beautiful" to see...
For what concerns the second category, that is astronomy and astronautics, some stones of Ica represent some men intent on scrutinizing the night sky by means of telescopes.
As we know, the telescope was invented by Dutch navigators and perfected by Galileo Galilei in the seventeenth century. Always on these stones, it is possible to observe, on the upper left, a strange spherical object followed by what looks like a "trail": according to Cabrera it is possible that it is the stylized representation of a comet. In this same engraving are also represented the planets Jupiter and Venus and an eclipse of the Sun. Other stones represent 13 different constellations, including the Pleiades. Still another stone represents an astronomical calendar of 13 months, probably based on lunar cycles. On other stones, again, we can observe the figures traced on the plain of Nazca, as mentioned, not too far from Ica: we will return to this in a moment.
Besides the "flight on Pterodactyl", that we have seen before, another means of aerial locomotion represented on the stones is a sort of mechanical bird, on board of which are recognizable men observing or hunting dinosaurs or while they are scanning the sky, furrowed by celestial bodies.
Let us move from the stars to our Earth and analyse some stones, the images of which fall into the third category, that of the ancient continents. According to the theory of plate or plate tectonics, illustrated by Hapgood, the continents rest on rafts of material floating on a sea of magma; the movements of these continents, besides determining, obviously, their displacement (the famous theory of "continental drift", elaborated by Wegener), are the cause of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the formation and raising of mountain ranges, the opening of seas, lakes and so on. According to this theory, in ancient times the position of our continents was not the same as it is today. For instance, South America was connected with West Africa, as the shape of the coasts of Brazil, perfectly "interlocking" with that of the Gulf of Guinea, shows. Now, a map of the ancient terrestrial continents is to be found on one of the stones of Ica.
The engraving would represent the layout of the ancient continents of Atlantis, Mu, Lemuria and the American continent. Geologists, with the help of computers, have confirmed that the shape of the continents and landmasses depicted in the stones accurately reproduce the Earth as it must have appeared 13 million years ago.
The stones of Ica are not the only documents attesting to the existence of "lost continents". In Yucatan, in Mexico, for example, William Niven found a petroglyph that brought back inexplicable masses of land in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean; still, the researcher James Churchward found, in Tibet, a tablet representing "two unknown continents". But let us return to Ica.
This precision in drawing what we can easily define "the first map in the history of mankind" has led to the supposition that those who made it, evidently, could boast a privileged point of view from which to detect the exact position of the continents: in short, such precision leads us to suppose that the makers of the engraving were able to travel in space. This hypothesis would find confirmation in the figures present on other stones: on these, flying ships are represented, suspended in the air. Some have hypothesized that their ability to fly (always if this is the case) is due to an electromagnetic field or to an anti-gravitational propeller. Fantasy, in these cases, overrides science.
However, giving for good this hypothesis, would find confirmation the hypothesis of Cabrera, according to which Nazca would be nothing else than an ancient space port for flying ships. According to Cabrera, the Andean tracks would have been covered, in the past, by an unknown material, superconducting and resistant to the high temperatures, which allowed spaceships to land in free fall without damage. Confirmation of these theories came in May 1975, when the geologist Klaus Dikudt of the University of Lima said that he had found, along the lines, "fragments of a dark, translucent, unbreakable material, light but extremely hard, so much so that it scratched the quartz. The material analyzed had reacted anomalously to all the tests, and had remained intact even when subjected to a temperature of 4000 degrees. These were not meteorite fragments. The composition and origin of this material remains unknown..."
The confirmation of the real function of Nazca, for a vicious circle, would confirm the possibility, for the ancient geographers of Ica, to fly beyond the limits of the atmosphere and would explain, so, the exactness of the contours of the ancient terrestrial continents traced on the stones.
The incredible accuracy of the charts is also confirmed by an "insider". Some stones are still on display at the National Museum of Peruvian Aviation, in Lima, whose former director, Colonel Omar Chioino, had expert aviation cartographers reproduce on paper the motifs engraved on the museum's sixty stones. Some of the designs were strikingly similar to the figures engraved in the Nazca Desert. "Only those who are familiar with topographical surveying procedures can understand what kind of model is necessary to bring back in gigantic measures an original drawing on a small scale, with absolute respect for proportions. The former must have possessed instruments and aids of which we know nothing [...]. Moreover, I exclude the possibility of a forgery [...]: Dr. Cabrera was under the surveillance of the Information Service in the seventies and for a long period of time. Nothing has come to light that could incriminate him. His seriousness is today above suspicion".
To talk about the engravings depicting "planetary cataclysms", i.e. Cabrera's fourth category, we have to refer again to the so-called "astronomers' stone", which we analyzed a short while ago. In it can be seen, as already pointed out before, two people intent on observing the sky by means of a telescope: a flying object rises towards the sky while three comets fall towards the Earth; the stars are portrayed with an unusual brilliance, while an immense striped cloud, symbolizing rain, follows the tail of a large comet. Continents appear semi-submerged as a star plummets over what appears to be a continent, or a large island. For some scholars, this engraving would depict the great cataclysm that runs through all the myths of the peoples of the Earth (from the Old Testament to the mythological tales of ancient Mesopotamia, just to give a couple of examples) and that affected the Earth thousands of years ago. Concrete evidence of its occurrence would be found in the layer of iridium present in the soil in considerable quantities, a presence that denotes an increase that can only be explained by the fall of meteorites and not simply by an increase in volcanic activity. The band of the mineral is a good fifty centimeters thick, which suggests that a large asteroid, or a swarm of asteroids, or the tail of a comet, have crossed the trajectory of the earth.
Other clues to a possible cataclysm comes to us from the stone depicting the ancient continents of the Earth, which we have just analyzed. On the outer perimeter we can see groups of pyramids, the vertices of which are facing the continents, and, all around, a wide strip of wavy lines that seems to indicate an accumulation of steam in the atmosphere. Knowing that the pyramids were the symbol of systems that served to capture, conserve and distribute energy (as we will see below), it is evident that the incongruous use of these systems must have caused a situation of imbalance. The planet, receiving heat from the sun and not being able to dissipate it because of that enormous layer of vapour, had become a closed thermal system.
Having reached the point of maximum accumulation, the steam must have been converted into water, precipitating on the earth in the form of an interminable rain, a real deluge, with frightening consequences. At the same time, the excess of heat energy could also have affected the Van Allen shield, the magnetic envelope that surrounds the earth and protects it from the ionized particles emitted by the sun. This combination of factors must have provoked an increase of intensity in the gravitational field of the earth, with the consequent capture of celestial bodies that, penetrating through the open gaps in the Van Allen bands, struck the earth with catastrophic effects. Cataclysms of this kind, it has been confirmed by geologists and astronomers, are something happened with good certainty, in the past of our planet.
As mentioned at the beginning, many of the Ica stones also represent surgical operations. And the operations were really of any kind: transfusions, acupuncture with anaesthetic function, caesarean sections, removal of tumours, open-heart operations (remember that we are in the years before Christian Barnard's first operations), lung and kidney operations, even brain operations. Other figures show how the patients, before being operated on, were intubated and connected to cardiac feeding machines; still others show extremely precise surgical instruments; in still others the bodies have been depicted in transparency, so that the internal organs can be seen, testifying to the advanced knowledge and underlining that the physical structure of the individuals was the same as ours. These representations are such, it is pleonastic to say so, as to suggest an extreme knowledge of the human body.
To make understand how this knowledge was amazing, we will make only a couple of examples. As said, many engravings represent operations of organ transplants. A constant in each representation is the presence, in the scene, of a pregnant woman: in each scene, the woman is connected, through a sort of cannula inserted in the radial artery, both to the heart removed from the donor and to the receiving patient. It is evident that the woman is transfusing her own blood to both the donor and the recipient.
Reflecting on this point Cabrera hypothesized that in the blood of pregnant women there was a substance (a hormone, an enzyme) capable of blocking or limiting the main problem of transplants, i.e. rejection. In 1980, two doctors, Ronald Finn and Charles St. Hill of Liverpool, conducted a series of experiments related to Cabrera's insights. They performed liver, kidney and heart transplants in animals transfused with plasma taken from pregnant females and noticed a significant regression of the phenomena related to rejection. The two doctors were not able to identify the substance that blocked rejection, but they hypothesized that it was an immuno-depressing hormone, i.e. a hormone different from progesterone (a fundamental female hormone during gestation and pregnancy) already known and used since 1934 and not always shown to be effective in preventing abortion, which is nothing but rejection.
This process, as said, is known to us only from 1980; the authors of the engravings, instead, already knew it. Another example: on one of the stones is represented, in all its phases, a brain transplant. For us it is an operation impossible to perform: at our level of technology, we are able to maintain the vital functions of the brain, but not to unite the transplanted brain to the spinal bulb, the spinal cord, the many nerves present. The authors of the incisions, however, were apparently able to do so.
Cabrera's conclusion was that the authors of those stones had attained a vast and profound knowledge of medical science. The fifty pages of the fifth chapter of his book are dedicated to the explanation of how very complex surgical operations were performed, especially those of transplantation of various organs. As for medical therapies, by combining the knowledge derived from the engravings with that acquired by modern Western medicine, Cabrera proposed a new molecular order that he described in a thesis entitled Biomicrophysical Theory of Cancer Immunology, in which his assistant, Dr. Luíz Cáhua Acuña, collaborated.
As for the "flora and fauna", on some stones you can see, in addition to dinosaurs, many animal species that appeared many years after the great saurians and not all belonging to the fauna of the Americas, such as ostriches, kangaroos, penguins, camels and others. Among the "others", there is the representation of camels and llamas with five-toed legs. In examining the engravings of nano horses and llamas with five toes, Cabrera remembered that a Peruvian archaeologist, Julio C. Tello, had published a study on queros (cloth with woven figures) of Tiahuanaco style in which were represented llamas with five fingers, as in prehistoric llamas and unlike the current ones, which have bipartite hooves. Some scholars had judged those drawings as the product of the imagination of pre-Columbian artists who had wanted to humanize the llamas. But, a few years later, the same Julio Tello had discovered skeletons of llamas with five fingers. This discovery, which should have been of interest to archaeologists and paleontologists, went completely unnoticed, just as the discovery by Indian anthropologists, communicated to the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in 1973, of human fossils extracted from Mesozoic rocks (between 230 and 63 million years ago) was ignored. Cabrera had this news from Dr. A. Zoubov, Russian anthropologist and member of the Academy of Sciences, on the occasion of his visit for a series of conferences in Latin American countries.
Speaking, instead, of the races of the Earth, on some stones we can distinguish beings apparently similar to men, but endowed with what. According to an important researcher, Charroux, whom we will also meet later on, it would be a civilization halfway between men and saurians. A hypothesis that is confirmed by many ancient mythological tales, which tell and report of "men similar to lizards".
Having taken a closer look at "the stones of the scandal", let us now return to outline their history.
In effects, speaking of the stones of Ica, it is usual to make to begin their "history" from the study conducted by Cabrera. The things, however, are not really so. The stones and the engravings on them, in fact, were known by the inhabitants of the area of Ocucaje since the 1500s, as witnessed by the Indian chronicler Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Llamqui: in his work, Juan describes the piedras manco, or "stones of power" with extreme precision, also writing how, during the reign of the Inca king Pachacutec, according to an ancient tradition, they were part of the funerary equipment of the nobles. Another reference also appears in the Noticias Historiales, a work by the Spaniard Pedro Simon preserved at the National Library in Paris and dating back to 1626.
Closer to but before Cabrera, Pablo and Carlos Soldi became interested in the stones and their mysterious drawings. Owners of large haciendas near Ocucaje, intrigued by the drawings, which they judged to be the work of unknown artists, they began to collect as many stones as possible, so much so that within a few years they had collected thousands of pieces. Others followed their example and, all convinced of being in front of something exceptional, asked the authorities to start investigations to discover the location of the find, a place that the huaqueros kept very secret, and to begin a scientific study of the stones. But inexplicably, from the beginning, there was a hostile attitude from the competent authorities, which then gave rise to two opposing groups in fierce struggle: that of the supporters of the authenticity of the stones, and that of the opponents.
After the Money, came Cabrera. While the doctor was organizing his collection at the House of Culture in Ica, Cabrera read an article by Santiago Agurto Calvo, rector of the Polytechnic University of Lima, and Alejandro Pezzia, Peruvian archaeologist, which appeared in the scientific supplement of the Lima newspaper El Commercio: in the article, the two scholars claimed to have found, in August of that year, stones similar to Cabrera's in tombs dating to a period before that of the Incan civilization, tombs in which the stones were probably used as lucky charms or as representations of deities, as already indicated by Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Llamqui in his chronicle.
Calvo and Pezzia's discovery was repeated by Calvo himself at Max Uhle Hugel, a protected archaeological area. There, in a tomb dating back to the first century B.C., Calvo collected more than a hundred stones and had them analysed by the Institute of Mineralogy of the Polytechnic University of Peru, obtaining the first result of a certain importance: the stones, on the basis of the state of oxidation that covered the surface, were datable to at least 12,000 years earlier. A further confirmation came from Calvo's old colleague, Pezzia, who found, in another pre-Inca tomb, an engraved stone similar to the Stones of Ica.
The article published by Calvo and Pezzia attracted numerous scientists and eminent scholars to Ica. Many of them, even without having examined the stones, judged that they were certainly forgeries, and not even very well elaborated, prepared by Cabrera himself. The main supporter of this line was Roger Ravinez, archaeologist and member of the National Institute of Culture of Peru, who admitted that only the two stones extracted from the tombs of Calvo and Pezzia were authentic, while the others, in all similarities, were only forgeries.
It is certainly plausible that not all seventy thousand of them (it is estimated that so many were sold, up to 1980, by the farmers of Ocucaje) are authentic: after the clamour aroused by the case, the commercial value of the stones had grown vertiginously, so their sale, for the farmers, was an excellent source of wealth.
Among the most important "forgers" (in Spanish campesinos, skilled engravers ready to sell fake archaeological artifacts to make some money with tourists) of Ica, according to their own statements, there are two peasants, Basilio Uchuya and Irma Gutierrez, who, in an interview given to A. Rossel Castro for a Peruvian archaeological magazine in 1977, declared themselves the authors of the engravings. The subjects, they declared, came from the most varied sources (comics, illustrations, school books and newspapers); when the work was finished, it was enough to put the stones in the chicken coop and the chickens would deposit a patina of antiquity on them. A plausible hypothesis, but impossible for various reasons. First of all, as we said before, the stones were known since 1500; secondly, to make seventy thousand engravings, the two peasants would have had to work day and night for at least thirty years, at a rate of one stone a day! If we then consider the relative hardness of the stones, close to that of diamond, their presumed work as engravers would have been even more difficult.
Considering, again, the geological analyses and the fact that the two peasants were practically illiterate and, in fact, lacked even elementary scientific knowledge (fundamental for the realization of most of the engravings and certainly not found only from the sources they cited), the claims of Uchuya and Gutierrez are definitively denied.
Not everyone, of course, supported the falsity of the stones. Robert Charroux, for example, in 1977 conducted an investigation without Cabrera's knowledge, going to interview the two peasants presumed to be the authors of the engravings. After being convinced that they were lying, in his book L'Enigme des Andes, he confirmed the exceptionality of Cabrera's discovery:
"Accepting the authenticity of the stones, the history of the world would have to be rewritten from the beginning, but men of science will never accept to make such a revolution"
On Cabrera's side, also the French researcher Francis Mazière, famous for his pioneering work on the Polynesian culture of Easter Island: after an accurate work of retrieval and study, in 1974 Mazière defined the stones as "the most puzzling archaeological enigma of South America", excluding the possibility of falsifications. Heedless of the denigrating campaign against him from all sides, Cabrera transformed his medical practice into a museum and continued the study and classification of the stones. As Calvo and Pezzia had done before him, Cabrera also asked two competent institutions, the Mauricio Hochshild Mining Engineering Company and the Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography of the University of Bonn, for analyses on his findings; the analyses of the University of Bonn were conducted by Dr. Eric Wolf, who provided a result identical to that of the Mauricio Hochshild Mining Engineering Company and to that of Calvo and Pezzia: the engravings on the stones dated back to 12,000 years ago.
It should be said, incidentally, that the Spanish researcher, Vicente Paris, obtained a stone from Professor Cabrera and had it analyzed in Barcelona by José Antonio Lamich of the Hipergea research group. Unfortunately, the analysis was negative, revealing signs of abrasive paper and recent processing. Cabrera admitted that part of his collection comes from the campesino Basilio Uchuya, one of the main forgers of stones, so it is possible that the stone analyzed by Paris is a fake.
Comforted by this result, Cabrera continued the study of his stones. Analyzing them, we have already seen what were his incredible discoveries. We have not yet spoken, however, of Cabrera's theory about the men represented in the stones, probable authors of the engravings. In order to introduce this theory, and to complete the analysis of Cabrera's studies, we will have to observe again the stones closely.
By systematically studying a group of about 500 stones, Cabrera noticed that certain signs (spirals, triangles, rhombuses, reticles, leaves, arrows, lines) were repeated in different positions, depending on the different situations. He deduced that it had to be some form of cryptography. In the end, with a good dose of intuition and luck, he managed to interpret the meaning of a good number of signs and decoded that kind of symbolic language: the leaf was the symbol of life and indicated the transformation of solar energy into electronic energy; the parallel lines were the symbol of plant life, of an organic and biological energy of a lower degree; the oblique squares and lozenges indicated animal life; the vertical and horizontal lines, human life; the pyramids, energy complexes of absorption, accumulation and distribution of energy.
The element of this obscure language was identified by Cabrera in the leaf. In many stones, individuals engaged in important activities wore headdresses apparently made of feathers (but a closer examination revealed that they were leaves), while other individuals, in the same scenes, were without them, as if to suggest the presence of various types with different characteristics. Cabrera counted more than a hundred positions in which the leaf was placed within the compositions, evidently to suggest different interpretations depending on how it was placed next to the various elements. Cabrera wondered if the constant presence of leaves did not indicate a particular function. In many engravings, the rays of sunlight crept between the leaves of the headdresses of important figures and ended at the base of their heads, precisely in the area of the pineal gland, or epiphysis, present at the base of the brain, near the nape of the neck. Nowadays, we know that the epiphysis is responsible for the production of the melatonin, a hormone linked to the system of the endorphins, which presides over the rhythms of sleep and of wakefulness, and thus to the energetic alternation without which an organism cannot sustain itself. Although it is located inside the cranial box, it receives sunlight through a nervous circuit that transmits light from the retina to the gland. More than twenty years ago, when the epiphysis was still called useless, Javier Cabrera made these statements to the Argentinean magazine El Insolito.
It is known that leaves develop by means of photosynthesis, and for photosynthesis to occur, sunlight, the primary source of energy, is necessary. Similarly, the pineal gland captures cosmic solar energy and transforms it into another unknown type of energy, which I call cognitive energy. The leaves that appear on the heads of certain individuals are a symbolic representation of a means that allowed them to stimulate their brains, to develop their cognitive functions, as well as to convert solar and cosmic energy into a type of cognitive energy. By harnessing the activity of their pineal gland, those beings were able to transform the organic body into a purely energetic body. I wonder if our humanity would be able to handle such a source of energy. Looking at what is happening today with nuclear power, I would say no.
Another detail confirming the role that the epiphysis must have had in supplying not only cognitive but also organic energy appears in the same engravings with individuals pierced by the rays of the sun. The heads, drawn in profile, have a very small mouth, closed at the back by a sort of clip, a clear allusion to the fact that those beings did not eat orally.
Amazed by the enormous knowledge of those strange beings, as evidenced by the variety of knowledge represented on the stones, Cabrera decided to call those ancient beings "Superior Ancestors" and called their civilization "Glittolitic". And about their unusual appearance (small and round bodies of children and large heads with hooked profiles of old men):
As for the human figures represented in the engravings, even if it is probable that there is not an extreme fidelity to the models, since they are symbolic drawings, I think however that in some respects they were not different from how they appear. The disproportion between the head, body, and limbs is evident. The head is bulky, and still more so the belly; the upper limbs are long, the hands have thin fingers, and the thumb is not in the opposite position.The lower limbs are stout and short. Since the aim of Glypto-lithic mankind was the increase of intellectual qualities in order to increase and preserve acquired knowledge, the physical conformation of individuals had to adapt to the constant exercise of cognitive functions. Therefore the brain had to be large; the arms might not be strong and the hands, not having to perform mechanical functions, did not need a thumb in the opposite position. His short, strong legs and heavy belly, shifted down, balanced the weight of his disproportionately large head.
The various individuals belonging to a different evolutionary level, which Cabrera identified in five different types, are recognizable by certain characteristic signs that reveal their different abilities and aptitudes.
But where did the knowledge of this ancient civilization come from? To answer this question, which is linked to the five evolutionary groups mentioned above, let us look again at the stones. In an engraving appears, in symbolic form, the process of transmission of codes of knowledge between beings of different structure and evolution. On one side of the stone, one can observe the design of an individual with a headdress of leaves (therefore a superior being), while, on the other side, one can see a being with an almost animal-like appearance. One of the leaves crowning the head of the superior being extends so as to fit into the head of the other.
Individual: remembering that the leaf is the symbol of the energetic charge and of the intellectual evolution, it is evident, in this engraving, the allusion to the possibility to transmit information from subject to subject. The engravings would suggest, in short, that human evolution would not have been a natural and spontaneous process, but would have been programmed and directed by individuals belonging to a more advanced civilization on biologically and intellectually inferior subjects. According to Cabrera, the authors of the engravings would have been precisely these individuals who, once received the codes of knowledge, were able to pass on what had been transmitted to them.
Given all these facts, let us try to sum up what has been said so far. According to Cabrera, based on what is reported in the stones, at least 12,000 years ago (but perhaps as much as 65 million years ago) there would have existed on Earth a race, the Glitolitic race, in possession of scientific knowledge beyond our imagination. The origin of this race remains, of course, shrouded in obscurity. For Cabrera, it could be a race of extraterrestrial origin, which settled in Peru and came into contact with the first hominids, who would have been the subject of experiments for a guided evolution of the human race. This theory confirms the one expressed in the volume Peru, incidents of travel and explorations in the lands of Incas, published in New York in 1887. The author, Ephraim George Squier, a North American archaeologist, after having meticulously studied the civilizations of ancient Peru, was convinced that in Peruvian history there had existed two distinct cultural epochs: one located in a very distant time, possessing a very advanced scientific knowledge, and the other, that of the Incas, of a much lower cultural level. Squier thought that between these two cultures must have elapsed a time difficult to specify, but enormous. He was also convinced that the gigantic constructions scattered throughout the Peruvian territory were the testimony of a highly advanced technology, the heritage of an unknown humanity. Finding itself in the vicinity of a huge planetary catastrophe (perhaps the one that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, caused by a natural event or by a wrong use of its own technology), this civilization, aware of its own end, would have entrusted to the stones the memory of its own existence, of its own culture and wisdom and a warning not to make the same mistakes. With the disappearance of the Glyptians (extinct or, more likely, departed towards their world of origin, which Cabrera identifies in the Pleiades, [coincidence: in Peru, on St. John's Day they celebrate the Inti Raimi, the Sun god: remembering the moment in which the Earth was perfectly aligned with the Sun and the Pleiades]), the Earth would have plunged back into prehistory, making what was reality become a myth, a tale of science fiction, an absurd fantasy.
