Dossier sindrone 8
On October 13, 1988, the cardinal of Turin, Pontifical Custos of the Shroud, Anastasio Ballestrero, officially announced it and it is a setback for all those who had awaited that as the confirmation of the authenticity of the Turin Cloth: the radiocarbon examination had dated the Shroud between 1260 and 1390 - period in which it officially appears in history, in Lirey.
The controversy broke out immediately and bluntly accused the laboratories of Tucson, Oxford and Zurich and the coordinator of the three laboratories, Professor Michael Tite, of the Britisch Museum in London, of having deliberately falsified the results of the exam.
Carbon 14 is an isotope of normal carbon
explains Giorgio Tessiore
In the atmosphere there is carbon dioxide and a part, one molecule in a trillion, instead of having carbon that has an atomic weight of 12 or 13 it has a carbon atom that weighs 14, a little heavier, therefore, because it derives from nitrogen which has an atomic weight of 14, as a neutron replaces a proton. This carbon is radioactive, that is, it decomposes. Decomposition occurs at a steady rate, and carbon 14 is reduced by half every 5,730 years. Naturally in the atmosphere and in all beings that receive carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, therefore plants and animals, the percentage of carbon 14 remains constant because the assimilation is continuous (let us remember, flax derives from the flax plant, i.e. from a living being). However, if 5,730 years pass after death, we will have half the atoms. So, by making the difference between the starting data and the current data, we know how much time has passed since the death of the being. This principle is valid if there is no contribution of other carbon, if there is a new contribution the count cannot be done as the result obtained is altered. If the added carbon is of mineral origin the find is aged, if instead it is of vegetable origin it is rejuvenated. if there is a new contribution, the count cannot be done as the result obtained is altered. If the added carbon is of mineral origin the find is aged, if instead it is of vegetable origin it is rejuvenated. if there is a new contribution, the count cannot be done as the result obtained is altered. If the added carbon is of mineral origin the find is aged, if instead it is of vegetable origin it is rejuvenated.
In 82
Don Fossati says
an analysis of the Shroud had already been made at C14. Unauthorized examination, on a thread of the Shroud cloth sample taken by Professor Gilberto Raes of the Textile Institute of Meulemeester, in '73, for a product examination. As far as we know, according to information that certainly cannot be official, the exams would have given two different dates: one from 200 AD and the other from 1000 AD
This method, conceived by the American scholar Willard Frank Libby of the Nuclear Research Institute of the University of Chicago, was proposed for the dating of the Shroud in the 1950s. And despite many of the most serious Shroud scientists advised caution, considering it an examination not only unsafe, but absolutely not suitable for the Shroud, the fascination of radiocarbon as definitive proof of the authenticity of the Cloth (if only in terms of dating) in the end had the best of any reasonable doubt.
Libby himself had clearly said that the method could not be applied to date the Shroud, because it had, in its long history, too many contaminations
says Tessiore _ Modern carbonists have instead argued that with the innovations made to the method, starting from the particular procedure of cleaning the samples, cleaning that should eliminate the new carbon inputs, the examination could be done, it was safe. Well, the carbonists are denied by the facts right from the cleaning of the samples, the element that should have guaranteed the reliability of the examination. In fact, in Zurich they examined samples that were very clean, samples that were not very clean and some were even not completely clean: the result was almost the same. In short, cleaning is not served,
The C14 has a whole host of precedents for glaring mistakes. The famous Oviedo shroud the examination with Carbon 14 dated it 400 years later with respect to the historically ascertained knowledge. Snails captured alive subjected to radiocarbon examination turned out to be 26,000 years old, while a mammouth skin showed only 5,000, and, just to project us into the future, the case of the Viking horn is famous, which was examined in 2016.
Who insisted on this examination was the President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Dr. Chagas
tells Tessiore
_Until then the Curia of Turin, responsible for the custody of the cloth, had refused to submit the Shroud to the examination with the reason that we he wanted too much sample material, and certainly could not damage the Shroud so much, the modern carbonists explained that with the current systems the need for material is minimal, a few milligrams. Immediately after the death of Don Coero, historical Secretary of the International Center of Sindonology of Turin, and a proud opponent of that examination, the first meeting for the C14 took place between the archbishopric and scientists. Everything was done in almost perfect secrecy. It became known that it had been decided to take the C14 exam when it was already being done. A series of laboratories were summoned and asked for evidence. Stupid tests, because they were made to examine two samples of cloth, of known age, of one the result was correct, of the second completely wrong, a third test was made whose result was correct and thus the validity of the examination was admitted. On three tests, if only two were successful, the exam had to be rejected, because it is not enough that out of three two are correct, the error of the third remains, two out of three give no guarantee. Among all the workshops convened, those of Tucson, Oxford and Zurich were chosen, it is not known precisely by whom, but probably by the President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. because they seemed to be the ones who took the most exams of this kind and gave the most guarantee of reliability. Even if in those days the Oxford laboratory took a solemn blunder, dating around 1000 a painting of a still living art history professor. Riggi di Numana was chosen to take the samples, to be weighed by Professor Testore, of the Polytechnic of Turin. At that point the three laboratories, in some way coalesced, managed to cut out the Academy itself, and also the Curia of Turin which could not have representatives who controlled the progress of the exams, accepting only the control of a coordinator, Michael Tite, strongly supported by Oxford right from the start._ Perhaps it was Tite who chose the three workshops, maybe it was the laboratories that chose Tite, we don't know. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Curia of Turin, which by now had lost control of the situation, could only accept it.
On 11 September '89, Professor Lejeune, of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, on Vatican radio, said: "The report is as if it had not taken place because the results are invalidated by the anomalous procedures that prevented the ability of the experts to be verified.". It is official: there is a procedural anomaly, the Vatican acknowledges that something may not have taken place in the appropriate way - it is relative whether it happened due to inexperience or bad faith. Lejeune continues "In our Academy we have Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry and science sufficient to cover the needs of a commission of three or four people, perfectly competent in judging the established protocols. I am very surprised that this has not been done".
Precisely, the established protocols.
They were conceived in three stages
explains Tessiore
on the occasion of as many meetings between the Curia and the laboratories. The clause of real interest in those protocols was that of the blindness of the exam. That is to say: the laboratories would have received a series of samples including that of the Shroud, without being able to know which was that of the Shroud and which instead were the control samples, whose age had to remain secret, as a guarantee of effective impartiality. Fundamental condition that failed.
Instead those dates were immediately made known, and the directors of the three laboratories, opening the containers of the samples, immediately recognize the Shroud sample, and not only for the particular herringbone fabric, typical of the Sudarium, but because during the sampling they had been able to see the results of all the weighings through a monitor that framed the display of the electronic scale on which Testore carried out the weighing operations. Inexplicably, the report published in the February 16, 1989 issue of the magazine refers to the detail "Nature ", through which the results of the research were made official. Inexplicable if one thinks that from this revelation derives the admission that the" blindness "that the memorandum of understanding between the Holy See and the Laboratories envisaged had failed.
London, February 12, 1988. Michael Tite retires to his office to write a letter directed across the Channel.
" Dear Dr. Evin, Thank you .... It is certain that limiting the number of Laboratories involved in dating the Shroud makes the task more easy. I welcome your help with a medieval control sample as similar as possible, both in fabric and color, to the Sudarium: ... a double.
1) the sample must be 6 cm in total: about 120 mg.
2) the fabric must be linen ....
3) .... dated to the 13th century AD preferably 14th ...
6) I could come to France .... the idea seduces me ... but I think at the risk of not going unnoticed, me and my double. It will be sufficient to resort to postal services (incognito shipping).
As a possible source of the fabric I think the Cluny Museum in Paris is the most affordable. I wrote to Md. Joubett Caillet (copy attached) asking if he can and wants to lend himself to this deal. Thanks again .... With best wishes; sincerely to you MS Tite "
Jacques Evin was the Head of Radiocarbon Research at the University of Lyon.
On this letter, discovered and made known by the sindonologist frère Bruno Bonnet-Eymard, head of the French magazine "Contre Reforme", which would have an epilogue in the following months and definitively on 21 April 1988, in Turin, during the sampling work , the most serious questions of those who support the radiocarbon conspiracy will be addressed.
The two so-called control samples that according to the initial agreements had to be delivered together with the sample of the Shroud to the laboratories in charge of the tests, were a piece of linen from a Nubian tomb of the 11th-12th century AD and a piece of linen from an Egyptian tomb. of the 2nd century BC.
Tite had samples that did not satisfy him enough for two reasons: first because they were not herringbone, second because they were not of the time he wanted, namely 1300 1390, for this reason he commissioned Evan to recover a sample as similar to the Shroud.
Tessiore tells.
Following Tite's instructions, Jacques Evin turns to the Cluny Museum in Paris, but gets a refusal. "They got scared," he will comment. With my colleague Vial of the Musée des Tissus in Lyon, he then goes to the Cathedral of St. Maxim-du-Var, where, with the consent of the Mayor and without the Curate being even notified, he takes a huge mass of threads under the external embroidery of the cloak of St. Louis of Anjou.
The cope of the bishop is from the time that Tite is looking for, Louis of Anjou had died in 1297. The exams will give practically perfect results, the cope in fact had remained closed in a bulletin board, protected from any contamination.
says Tessiore.
Now it's just a matter of delivering the artifact to Tite, by post as he wished. But the post office is on strike. Evan then decides to have it delivered to Tite da Vial, who was called to attend the taking of the Shroud sample, during the same meeting in Turin, without, apparently, notifying his colleague. Meanwhile, Tite worried about the non-arrival of Evan's sample, leaving for Turin would procure for himself a sample of medieval linen from the Victoria-Albert Reserve.
During the meeting in Turin
says Carlo Griseri,
member of the International Center of Sindonology of Turin, the camera that records the operations shows Tite wandering around with his hands in his pockets simulating indifference, between Riggi and Testore all engaged in their task of taking (as Tite had ordered) a strip of the Shroud fabric of cm. 7x1. The cut piece is larger: they will have to reduce it with a pretext.
Tite retires with Cardinal Ballestrero to a nearby room, where there are no cameras that record the operations, to seal the samples, both those of the Shroud and control ones.
Vial takes out his find after the operation is almost complete, when Cardinal Ballestrero was already gone. Riggi does not intend to accept this intrusion in his << his >> protocol.
says Griseri
_Tite shows himself astonished and does not want to accept that sample arrived unexpectedly, missing three other containers such as those used for the official samples. In the end, in a completely anomalous way, it was decided to deliver the sample of the cope to the three Laboratories in open envelopes. The day after, April 22, the Holy See issues a press release in which it speaks of an "additional sample" provided for control without indicating its origin.
Only on February 26 '89, only 4 months after the release issued on the results of the examination, did the magazine " Nature " publish the official report of the examination of the Shroud with radiocarbon - which had not been accepted by the most prestigious " RadioCarbon "". The report is presented as: << the definitive proof that the linen of the Turin Shroud is medieval. >> The report is signed by 21 participants in the survey, including Tite and excluding the two Italians Riggi and Testore, important figures. if we consider that the first had cut the strip of Shroud fabric from which the samples delivered to the laboratories would be obtained, and the second had weighed them. Testore will speak in Paris in September during the international symposium organized to discuss the results of that exam In the report published by " Nature"it was said that _the three samples into which the tissue taken from the Shroud was divided_ Griseri says again _weighed about 50 mg. each and that the tissue taken measured cm. 7x1._ Testore in Paris states that the samples came from a strip _ of mm . 81.16 (first contradiction to Nature's report), which weighed 300 mg. (Second contradiction); which in turn was split into two pieces of respective mg. 144.8 and 154.9 (with a reasonable loss of 0 , 3 mg.). The piece of 154.9 mg. Was in turn divided (again according to that ratio) into three parts of 52 - 52.8 - 53.7 mg._
Brother Bruno Bonnet-Eymard, who had raised doubts as soon as the results of the analysis were released, after these statements begins what will be a long investigation that will take him to all the laboratories involved in the examination. _Bonnet-Eymard makes a quick count: 52 + 52.8 + 53.7 are 158.5 not 154.9. Testore continues: the piece of mg. 144,8 was retained by Riggi as <<reserve>> ._ Ernesto Brunati of the International Center of Sindonology of Turin examines the reports of Riggi and Testore. In Testore's report there is a photo of the sample of the Shroud taken before it was cleaned of the dubious parts of a length of cm. 8.1 and 2.6 width. If the average weight of the Shroud fabric, now ascertained, is 23 mg / cm 2how can Riggi affirm that the weight of the strip is 497 mg (on the other hand Tessiore says that this is not the weight reached by the scale, but 478 mg.) and after the 7x1 cm strip had been cleaned of the dubious part weigh 300, 0 mg.? if this were the case, the fabric would have had an average weight not of 23 mg / cm 2 but of almost double, 42.8 mg / cm 2. Bonnet-Eymard will decide to question the two Italians Riggi and Testore. In the meantime, however, Testore, to whom the incongruity had been pointed out, a little more than a month after the Paris conference had declared that _not the sample of mg. 154.9 but that of 144.8 had been divided into three parts; and that as the third part was smaller than the other two, a fragment of mg was added to it. 14.1 removed from the reserve sample. Riggi contradicts Testore_ and two days after his colleague's statement he states: _ that he divided the sample of 154.9 into three by integrating it with a fragment of mg. 3.6 taken from the piece of 144.8. According to this version there would have been pieces of 52 - 52.8 - 53.7 mg. with 141 mg. reserve._ and one of the three laboratories would have received the sample of the Shroud divided into two pieces. But which laboratory? And what happened to the reserve champion? Incredible but true: the reserve sample, owned by none other than the Holy See, had remained in the hands of Riggi, without anyone authorizing him to keep it.
Among the leftover pieces, defined as <<reserve>>, and the withdrawals he made at the end of the official operations - he says he scratched fragments from the bloodstains to do the DNA tests - Riggi had a small treasure deposited in the bank.
says Giorgio Tessiore
Tesoro who says he went to collect with the Polytechnic. It is not clear who the Polytechnic is physically, I can imagine that it is Testore and Gonnella. The whole, says Riggi, was delivered to American researchers from New Mexico. These would have done research on DNA and would have discovered the presence on the Shroud of a lichen that forms an envelope and involves an increase in C14. With the examination of the DNA, then, it would have been discovered that that of the Shroud is definitely a man! I wonder if anyone really ever imagined that the figure of the Shroud was that of a woman ?! These examinations were not officially taken into consideration as the Curia intervened to declare that the samples should not have been in the possession of private individuals, if someone took them they did it without authorization so they are not to be considered acceptable.
Bonnet-Eymard meanwhile had set off in search of the two-piece champion. First stop the Tucson Laboratory. _The professor. Donahue, head of the Department of Physics at the University of Tucson, which operates under the auspices of the University of Arizona and the National Science Foundation_ says Griseri _ claims that the archives do not note whether or not their sample was split into two pieces. The total of the 4 pieces into which it was later divided is 52.36 mg._ Bonnet-Eymard then decides _to visit him in person: 19 thousand kilometers round trip. He receives them by asking: << What is wrong with the dimensions we have given? >> Bonnet points out that the dimensions do not agree with the statements of Riggi and Testore. He replies: << Who do you believe: to us or to Riggi? Ours is the official version. What matters is what Tite wrote >>. One of those present at the meeting, Jull, intervenes: \ u0026lt; \ u0026lt; It may have been Riggi to mislead Tite >>. But Donhaue insists: << No! Tite measured himself with precision >> ._ It is interesting to hear what Tite will say about the measurements himself. _No one remembered if the sample arrived in Tucson in one or in two pieces. The chimist Toolin intervenes in the discussion saying to Bonnet in the ear and shrugging his shoulders: << for me it was in one piece >>. The conversations were taped; but he spoke so quickly and softly that the tape recorder didn't record it. An attempt to have it repeated is cut short by Donhaue. At a subsequent attempt he will reply: << Je n'ai pas bien vu >> ._ It is evident: if the smallest sample (almost 40 mg) had been touched in Tucson and was therefore integrated with a fragment, the laboratory must have received it in two pieces, if the piece was only one then it could not be the Shroud. If, on the other hand, it was not the smallest sample, nothing prevented it from being the sample of the Shroud taken from the Riggi, but the measurements would no longer correspond to those officially indicated in either version. _ Having noted what seriousness constituted that total absence of documentation on the shape, size and number of pieces of the sample received, Donhaue intervened: << Is this really your last word? That's right: we have neither photos nor recordings. >> In contradiction with him, the owner of the laboratory, prof. Damon, absent and reached by phone in Paris: << At the opening of the container, Donahue and I were present, no one else. >>. But Toolin and Jull had recorded and signed that the seals were not tampered with when the container was opened! is noted. << The sample had a rectangular shape, not a square one. We recorded everything with videos, with minutes and photos. >> says Damon._ A sample, therefore, rectangular, and the photos and recordings are there! So much so that Griseri says that in June 1990 Baima Bollone at the presentation of one of his books on the Shroud would have said that _after a thousand instances I obtained from the researchers of Arizona the photograph of the fragment of the fabric which, under the carbon test, it is the result of medieval times. I compared it with the photos of the Shroud Linen: well that shred does not belong to the Shroud ._
In Zurich,
continues Griseri _Wolfli, from the Polytechnic, is more prudent and astute than his colleagues in Tucson and avoids contradictions. About the size of the sample, 1x7, he admits an error in the report of the journal " Nature ". He had arranged the answers with Tite. He admits he talked to Tucson and Oxford. The error justifies this by admitting that at the time of writing the report of " NatureDr. Robert Hedges._ He claims to have never seen anything and in any case not to know _say if the sample was in two pieces. However, he remembers that someone spoke of two pieces._ At that moment Tite suddenly bursts into the room and with a trivial excuse puts an end to the interview. Subsequently, an investigation was attempted at Tite himself _responsible for all the operations relating to the radiocarbon tests, from the preliminary to the conclusions. He gives the investigators half an hour. When asked if he personally measured the size of the samples, he replies. << I have not measured anything; I observed the withdrawal, but I did not carry out any measurements. These 1x7 are rough estimates. >> _ Pointing to him that he had written 10x70 and that _ << the approximation can bring variations of millimeters, not centimeters >>, he replied: << Okay: it is an error; it's a rough figure based on my memory. Are Riggi's figures smaller or larger? well, you take those! >> he claims that he went to Turin only as a simple witness. Responsible and authors of the sampling are the Italians. He was not in charge of taking measurements of the samples, only of insuring the representatives of the Laboratories. He declares himself ready to correct any inaccurate data reported by the magazine " He claims that he went to Turin only as a simple witness. Responsible and authors of the sampling are the Italians. He was not in charge of taking measurements of the samples, only of insuring the representatives of the Laboratories. He declares himself ready to correct any inaccurate data reported by the magazine " He claims that he went to Turin only as a simple witness. Responsible and authors of the sampling are the Italians. He was not in charge of taking measurements of the samples, only of insuring the representatives of the Laboratories. He declares himself ready to correct any inaccurate data reported by the magazine "Naturebut I can't remember if I've seen it. >> And he insists that for him the important thing is whether they came from the Shroud and not how they were divided, or other details ._ Seeing the perplexity of the interlocutors, he got up, put on his cloak and he went screaming << There is no doubt that they came from the Sudarium: no doubt. Absolutely no doubt >>. _Damon will say on the phone, embarrassed, << We have divided it into pieces. >>. Donahue will say in turn that the sample was in two pieces: one a third of the other._ weighing 14 and 40 mg. for a total weight of about 50 mg. _He backtracked by agreeing to Tite when Tucson aligned itself with the second version of Testore_ and trying to make the two versions coincide. This is how the different and contrasting indications of weight and measure proliferate. _A macro photograph_ produced by the Tucson laboratory _ of one of the four sub-samples (already sent to the investigators without indication of the weight, but with the indication of the size: cm 1x0.5) is shown_ at the New York symposium in April 1991 _ dimensions 1 , 5x0.5, weight 14 mg. That weight, not declared before, does not correspond to any of the weights recorded in the notebook of the Tucson laboratory which were 13.86 - 12.39 - 14.72 - 11.83 for a total of mg. 52,80, again different. As for the height of cm. 1.5 the size is impossible and inconceivable. The exact size is 1x0.5 that Donahue reported in the cliché published in '89.
To clarify and avoid doubts and controversies it would have taken very little. To begin with, the presence of a notary who would draw up a report at the time of taking the samples, and subsequently who attended all the operations of the examination, a condition really below the minimum threshold in such operations. Carrying out all the operations of taking and sealing the samples, and not just some of them, under the lens of a camera would have meant being in possession of those data that could not have "entered" a notarial report. The creation of a Scientific Committee that guaranteed the research could have guaranteed both the Laboratories and the whole scientific world and especially the sindonological environments.
We know for sure that for the result to be valid, I don't say safe, only valid, the object examined must have some characteristics.
explains Tessiore _Primo: the object must not have been touched by hand. Not only has the Shroud been touched by hand, let's think of all the ostensions, over the centuries it has been exposed to the public, manipulated by the managers on duty who spread the cloth, kissed by the faithful, sheltered by the nuns, but even Riggi when he cut the champion had no gloves on his hands, you can see in the television recording, on the other hand after cutting he will use tweezers. Second: the object must not have been in contact with other organic substances. Well, the Shroud has always been in contact with other fabrics, it still is today as we know. Third: it must not be exposed to smoke. The Shroud for centuries has been subjected to the fumes of candles and torches. Let's imagine what may have happened in terms of contamination. But the great contribution of carbon is certainly due to the fire of 1532. It can be assumed that from 33 until 1532 there was substantially a descending curve of the carbon 14 content, in 1532 the Chambery fire for the Shroud was a real injection of C14. I am convinced that basically the tests were done well but gave the wrong result due to the contamination. The Russian carbonist Kouznetsov, Lenin Prize, subjected a piece of linen of the age of Christ to a simulated fire, and obtained a rejuvenation at the examination of the C14 for over ten centuries. Among the other causes of this rejuvenation, he has shown that in the cellulose of linen each group of chemical formula, that is, each monomer, has a normal carbon atom that easily reacts with gaseous radiocarbon compounds: an isotope exchange can thus take place so that one of the six carbon atoms can be replaced by C14; similarly some molecules of carbon dioxide containing radiocarbon can join the cellulose forming the carboxylic group similar to those that characterize organic acids. In this way, a minimal percentage of C14 added to the original carbon is enough to cause an apparent rejuvenation of many centuries. The Shroud was so altered that you could bring out all the results you wanted, this was known by the carbonists. I believe that if the examination were done in other points of the Telo the dating would reach 1800._ Tite and the laboratories knew perfectly well that the contamination made it impossible to obtain a sure result. _The significance level represents the reliability of the exam results. Well, for the comparison samples it was 90%, 50%, 30%, while for the Shroud sample it was 4.017%, a value too low to be valid. In order not to detect the insufficient significance, which would have meant invalidating the exam, that is, canceling it, Tite deliberately rounded the significance level to 5%, which represents the minimum acceptable. An incorrect and scientifically unacceptable substitution of value. An absolutely personal initiative of Tite,Nature"they signed by telephone, in the sense that they left Tite free to put their names at the bottom of a statement that was his only. Even more unacceptable if we think that Tite himself in other situations had argued that values below 5 do not they must absolutely take them into consideration, and yet in this case, in order not to be unacceptable, he unjustifiably raised it. It is surprising that our professors at the Turin Polytechnic have not noticed anything.
It would have been too easy to cheat without risking being discovered as there was no control
says Tessiore
Rather we tried to make believe that the exam was perfect and that the result was reliable when nothing was perfect and nothing was reliable
So is bad faith to be excluded?
Probably they just made a mistake, they wanted to date an object they knew nothing about with a methodology that led to wrong conclusions. The Shroud is a particular historical department that must be studied knowing and taking into consideration its long history, a history of which from the year 33 and until about 1350 we know almost nothing for certain and proven
says Nello Balossino. _ The results, the way they were presented, the methodology adopted left me very perplexed. For example, the methodology had to be blind and it did not. Why were the findings seen and the researchers knew well which sample was of the Shroud and which were the control samples? I think of the cut of the fabric made with a bit strange scissors, to the fact that you calmly touch the cloth with your hands and then you are careful to take a sample with tweezers in an extreme area of the Shroud fabric that everyone knows is highly polluted. The results produced puzzled me, in the first version the sum of the masses of the Shroud samples did not even square. I can't say that there was bad faith or not, but as a researcher it makes me smile enough that certain gross errors were made by a team that boasted scientists of absolutely international stature. in the first version the sum of the masses of the Shroud samples did not even square. I can't say that there was bad faith or not, but as a researcher it makes me smile enough that certain gross errors were made by a team that boasted scientists of absolutely international stature. in the first version the sum of the masses of the Shroud samples did not even square. I can't say that there was bad faith or not, but as a researcher it makes me smile enough that certain gross errors were made by a team that boasted scientists of absolutely international stature.
In many yes, bad faith is to be excluded, in some perhaps not, especially in those who tell me that 4 is equal to 5
says Tessiore.
It will take about nine years and a fire from which the Shroud will come out unscathed, that of the Guarini chapel, for the Curia of Turin to overcome the shock of the C14 that had closed it in a cautious, diffident silence of caution and self-protection.
A group of physics teachers from the University of Cagliari, studying the possible alterations of the exam, argued: "Cases of clearly anomalous radiodatations have been reported, not all foreseen and not all explained so far. Anomalies have been found in the sense of an increase in the value of the percentage of C14 in living plants in the areas involved in the recent past in atomic bomb blasting tests. The explosion of an atomic bomb in fact launches an enormous number of neutrons into space that interact with the atmospheric nitrogen nuclei "generating C 14. "There are also valid reasons to believe that the nuclei of nitrogen atoms are not the only ones to be involved in C14-generating neutron capture reactions and this also applies to materials not belonging to living organisms".
The same protagonists of the radiocarbon will affirm that the results of the examination may have been altered by a series of unknown reasons and conditions that reside in the formation of the Shroud image. Riggi, in '91, in an intervention in a well-known national newspaper, argues that "the gap between the dating of C 14 and the traditional one" should be attributed to the "process of forming the image imprinted on the Shroud" and "we should know the process of image formation ". On this line Tite and Hedges themselves intervene. On September 14, 1989, Tite wrote a letter to Professor Gonella to affirm that he does not consider the Shroud a fraud at all, and hypothesizes a " from << material body >> in << spiritual body >>, to use the words of St. Paul, therefore the process of the resurrection must have been an event that began historically in the material world and according to physical laws and which traces on the Shroud, which can be considered a physical relic. Therefore these vestiges must be detectable through analytical studies. "At the beginning of this annihilation process only the protons of a small number of atoms on the surface of the corpse disappeared, leaving behind electrons and neutrons. This theory may seem strange, but it could be considered as a natural-scientific reflection on the resurrection of Jesus. Christ. What happened to the atoms that formed the material corpse of our Lord and what vestiges could have remained of this singular fact in the material world? "The Shroud imprint and an abnormal quantity of C14." During the resurrection a singular fact occurred and therefore it is not possible to reproduce these effects, although it is possible to link them with known similar effects. I think three physical facts can be found which confirm my theory. Suppose that the first two effects are caused by the remaining electrons, that is: 1) the remaining electrons are responsible for the image of the body. "A similar effect would have been observed in X-ray research" It is well known from natural laws that air strongly attenuates long wavelength X-rays and cellulose absorbs a high percentage of soft X-rays in a few micrometers. However, long-wavelength X-rays decompose cellulose atoms. "These experiments have shown, says Lindner," that X-rays leave traces in the cellulose fibers similar to the image of the body in the Shroud. Similarly, an electronic radiation must also be sufficiently absorbed by the air to be able to give a three-dimensional image of the body; in the same way the electronic radiation penetrates into the cellulose but only to a small depth, as happens in the Shroud up to a maximum of 125 micrometers. 3) a third indication for my theory implies a very interesting detail concerning the neutron flux. But first I have to say something about the remaining neutrons and suggest new analyzes. The remaining neutrons may have caused the isotope shift from C13 to C14, as thermal neutrons can be captured by the nuclei of atoms. The C13 capture cross section is very small and the C13 content in the carbon is only 1.1%. It can be calculated that the neutron flux necessary to obtain the increase of C14 in the Shroud, in the point analyzed in 1988, must be 2.2.10 The remaining neutrons may have caused the isotope shift from C13 to C14, as thermal neutrons can be captured by the nuclei of atoms. The C13 capture cross section is very small and the C13 content in the carbon is only 1.1%. It can be calculated that the neutron flux necessary to obtain the increase of C14 in the Shroud, in the point analyzed in 1988, must be 2.2.10 The remaining neutrons may have caused the isotope shift from C13 to C14, as thermal neutrons can be captured by the nuclei of atoms. The C13 capture cross section is very small and the C13 content in the carbon is only 1.1%. It can be calculated that the neutron flux necessary to obtain the increase of C14 in the Shroud, in the point analyzed in 1988, must be 2.2.1016 cm. Near the neutron source, that is, near the surface of the corpse, the neutron flux must have been higher than at some distance from it. Hence, the isotope shift must have been greater near the surface of the body than at the edges of the linen. A possible way to verify this theory could be to carry out new analyzes of the C14 of the Shroud tissue close to the body image, since these points should have been crossed by a higher neutron flux than the one that affected the points from which they were samples were taken for the first radiocarbon analyzes. The highest C14 content is expected to be at the center of the dorsal body image.
Almost along the same lines as Lindner, other scholars of the Shroud and radiocarbon examination. Virginio Gagliardi, professor at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Gemelli Polyclinic in Rome, argued that "The formation of the image of the Shroud Man leads us to admit the intervention of a photolytic energy discharge of very high intensity, such as a thermonuclear explosion . This would involve a state of radiation on the cell nuclei of the Shroud linen. The effect produced on the atoms of a fabric by a photonic explosion is not known, nor is the intensity and duration of this radiant energy. " Johann Groob, Austrian priest who studied the Shroud, confirms the need to work on researching the factor that could have influenced the radioactivity of the cloth material. "The C14 method is based on the transformation of the nitrogen atom into a carbon atom under the action of cosmic rays. The quality of the image has led researchers of the Shroud to believe in an intensive and short action of radiation." she says. "Could it not be that the high C14 content on the cloth is due to the action of intense and short-lasting radiation?"
