A 2.5 MByte RAM Expansion for the Atari ST
by Christopher Hicks (89cmh@uk.ac.cam.eng)
Introduction
This document details the addition of an extra 2 MBytes of RAM to a standard 520/1040 STF/STFM. The motherboard I upgraded is marked C070789-001 REV D (1040 STF), but this procedure should be OK for other revisions, except that the IC numbers may be different.
The existing RAM consisted of thirty-two 256K by 1 DRAMs, mounted under the power supply. This procedure replaces sixteen of these with two 1 MByte SIPs, giving a total of 2.5 MBytes.
Disclaimer
Although this procedure worked perfectly for me, I cannot guarantee that anyone else can perform this upgrade without damaging their computer. I therefore disclaim any responsibility for any damage that may occur as a result of attempting this upgrade. It will also void any warranty on your computer.
On a more positive note, there is no reason why someone who is experienced in wielding a soldering iron, and has done some electronic construction/troubleshooting, should not be able to perform this upgrade successfully.
Summary
The ST's memory management unit (MMU) can support two banks of RAM (upper and lower). These may each contain 512 KBytes or 2 MBytes. In addition the upper bank may be empty. This arrange- ment gives rise to the following memory configurations:
Lower Bank Upper Bank Total
========== ========== =====
1. 512 kB --- 512 kB
2. 512 kB 512 kB 1 MB
3. 2 MB --- 2 MB
4. 2 MB 512 kB 2.5 MB
5. 512 kB 2 MB 2.5 MB
6. 2 MB 2 MB 4 MB This upgrade converts a machine from configuration 1 or 2 to configuration 5. An extra address line is required for the 2 MB bank. This is obtained from the MMU (U56) pin 64.
Device Pin Diagrams
1. 256kbit DRAM
===============
------\_/------
A8 |1 16| GND
D |2 15| CAS
WE |3 14| Q
RAS |4 13| A6
A0 |5 12| A3
A2 |6 11| A4
A1 |7 10| A5
Vcc |8 9| A7
--------------- 2. 1 MByte SIP
1 Vcc 11 A4 21 WE
2 CAS 12 A5 22 GND
3 DQ0 13 DQ3 23 DQ6
4 A0 14 A6 24 NC
5 A1 15 A7 25 DQ7
6 DQ1 16 DQ4 26 Q8
7 A2 17 A8 27 RAS
8 A3 18 A9 28 CAS8
9 GND 19 NC 29 D8
10 DQ2 20 DQ5 30 Vcc NB Pins 26, 28 and 29 refer to the ninth bit required for IBM PC systems. This bit is not required on the ST upgrade.
______________________________
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| Chips mounted this side |
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|______________________________|
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1 30 Pin Functions
A0 - A9 Address inputs (row/column multiplexed)
CAS Column address strobe
RAS Row address strobe
D Data input
Q Data output
DQ0 - DQ7 Data combined inputs/outputs
WE Write Enable input
Vcc Power (+5V)
GND Ground (0V)
NC Not connected Parts Required
- Two 1M x 8, or 1M x 9 SIPs, 120 ns or faster
- Two 16 pin and two 14 pin IC sockets
- A small piece of veroboard (big enough to mount the two SIPs)
- A few dozen short bits of wire (a shredded scrap of ribbon cable is ideal - lots of colours for easy identification!)
Total cost - about 80 pounds including VAT!
Precautions
The motherboard and SIPs may be damaged by static electricity, so don't work on this project wearing synthetic clothes and rubber shoes on a nylon carpet etc... Seriously though, no damage should occur if you are reasonably careful (use a grounded soldering iron, and don't work on a highly waxed or polished surface, for example).
Procedure
- Remove the motherboard from the computer, and identify the RAM chips (U 3>6, 10>13, 18>25, 27>30, 34>37, 39>42, 44>47 on my 1040STF). On a 520 only half of these will be present, and step 2 may be skipped.
- Desolder and remove the upper bank of DRAMs. These are scrap, so don't worry about damaging them, but do take care not to damage any tracks on the motherboard. On my 1040 these were the right-hand 16 chips (nearest the FDD), though I know that on some boards (marked REV 4 ?) it is the 16 nearest the rear of the computer. (The way to tell if you are unsure is that all the pin 4s of each bank are connected together, but the two banks are separate.) When these DRAMs have been removed, the computer should work as a 520ST. If it doesn't, the safest recourse is to buy thirty-two 16-pin IC sockets, and sixteen 256k x 1 bit DRAMS. Remove all the DRAMS from the motherboard, and replace them with sockets. Then fit one of the new DRAMS in each of sixteen sockets, and move them until you find a combination that works. You then have a 512k lower bank, and an empty upper bank as required.
- Mount the four IC sockets on the veroboard, end to end, and butted up together, so as to make two 30-pin SIP sockets. The connections on these will, from now on, be referred to as SIP1 pins 1 thru 30, and SIP2 pins 1 thru 30.
- Break the veroboard tracks between the following pins on SIPs 1 and 2: 2,3,6,10,13,16,20,23,25,26. This operation separates the data and CAS lines on the two SIPs.
- Connect together the following veroboard tracks: 22, 28, 29. This disables bit 8 if present, leaving bits 0>7 for the ST.
- Decide where the expansion board is to go. Mine is in the space normally occupied by the TV modulator and associated circuitry. Bear in mind that leads to the board should be no more than about 6 inches long to avoid capacitance problems.
- Back to the motherboard... Using a continuity tester you should find that the CAS lines (pin 15) of the removed DRAMs are connected together in two groups of eight. Take a short wire from one of these groups of pin 15s to SIP1 pin 2, and another from the other group of pin 15s to SIP2 pin 2.
- Take wires from the pin 2s of the first group of eight DRAMs to pins 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20, 23, 25 on SIP1. Similarly connect the pin 2s of the second group of DRAMs to pins 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20, 23, 25 on SIP2. The databus is now connected up, and the complicated bit is over. Note that it is essential that CAS (pin 15) and D (pin 2) of each DRAM are taken to the same SIP.
- Now wire A0 > A8, WE, Vcc, GND and RAS from the SIP board to the similarly named pin of any of the vacated DRAM slots.
- Lastly wire pin 18 of the SIP board to pin 64 of the MMU (U56 on my board). To aid identification, the part no of my MMU is C025912-38. Pin numbers are marked on the board.
- Make sure there are no shorts, and check all the connections. Insulate the back of the SIP board (eg by taping a piece of card over it) and insert the SIPs.
- Reassemble the computer and hey presto - a 2.5 Meg ST.
- Give a copy of this documentation to anyone you please, for them to try the same upgrade.
- When you run out of memory again, repeat exactly the same procedure, replacing the other sixteen DRAMS, and you will find that you have a 4 Meg ST - what could be simpler?
If you make use of this upgrade, please drop me a line at my email address, and I will send you details of any other hardware hacks I succeed with! Good luck...
P.S. I don't have transatlantic e-mail facility. So, if sent from the other side of the Atlantic, it is most likely that I shall not be receiving it. However, if you have any suggestion or criticism, please send to the address M.A.Rahin@lut.ac.uk, who will redirect to me.
The Final Value Theorem: The answer you get is always wrong...
--------------------
Christopher Hicks
89cmh@uk.ac.cam.eng
cmh21@uk.ac.cam.phx
