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EFFector Online Volume 08 No. 04 May 6, 1995 editors@eff.org
A Publication of the Electronic Frontier Foundation ISSN 1062-9424
In This Issue:
Dept. of Justice Opposes Exon Bill - But Calls for Replacement
A Note About This Newsletter
Calendar of Events
What YOU Can Do
* See http://www.eff.org/Alerts/ or ftp.eff.org, /pub/Alerts/ for more
information on current EFF activities and online activism alerts! *
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: Dept. of Justice Opposes Exon Bill - But Calls for Replacement
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Below is a letter from the Justice Department in response to (D-VT) Sen. Pat
Leahy's recent enquiry regarding the DoJ's position on the Exon/Gorton
Communications Decency Act. The CDA was recently folded into larger
Senate telecom deregulation bill S. 652, after significant but
insufficient amendment to reduce system operator liability. The House
version of the bill, still in its original form, remains a separate bill,
H.R.1004, whose sponsor appears to have had second thoughts and has
called for slowing the bill down.
As grassroots, and especially online, activists and concerned citizens
continue to raise serious doubts about this bill, and as organizations
like EFF, Voters' Telecommunications Watch, the Center for Democracy and
Technology, and dozens of others, work to derail it, the following letter
comes as a pleasant surprise for the most part.
The Department of Justice maintains first and foremost that the bill will
greatly harm law enforcement's efforts against obscenity and sexual abuse
of minors, in a number of ways. Most of these flaws in the bill are due
to imprecise application of terms like "digital" and insufficient
consideration of the effects that supposedly minor changes to one section of
the telecommunications regulations have on other sections, their enforcement
and their interpretation by the courts.
However, and to their credit, the DoJ has also identified four distinct
and serious threats to privacy posed by the CDA. Besides making it
easier for system crackers to evade detection, Sen. Exon's legislation
would also negate the "exclusionary rule" of 18 USC section 2515,
reducing the privacy protections of phone calls in one way, and
additionally weaken this privacy by introducing a loophole into the
wiretap statute that would broadly allow monitoring by anyone of private
voice communications. The Department further warns that one section of the
bill "would encourage intrusion by on-line service providers into the
private electronic mail communications of individual users. [The section]
actually promotes intrusions into private electronic mail by making it
'safer' to monitor private communications than to risk liability. At the
same time, [the section] would defeat efforts by the government to
enforce federal privacy protections against illegal eavesdropping."
Not all is sunshine however, and those concerned about civil liberties online
should keep one eye open for a replacement bill in the not too distant
future. The Acting Assistant Attorney General notes that "While we agree
with the goal of various legislative proposals designed to keep obscenity
and child pornography off of the information superhighway, we are
currently developing a legislative proposal that will best meet these
challenges and provide additional prosecutorial tools. This legislative
package is being developed while taking into consideration the need to
protect fundamental rights guaranteed by the First Amendment."
Needless to say, many of us will remain skeptical.
***********
Department of Justice Letter to Sen. Leahy
May 3, 1995
Honorable Patrick J. Leahy
United States Senate
Washington, DC 20510
I write to respond to your letter of March l, 1995 concerning our
prosecution of violations of federal child pornography and obscenity laws
and your April 21, 1995 request for the views of the United States
Department of Justice on the "Communications Decency Act," which has been
incorporated as title IV of the proposed "Telecommunications Competition
and Deregulation Act of 1995," S. 652. In accordance with your request,
the analysis of the Communications Decency Act focuses on sections 402
and 405 of the bill.
The Department's Criminal Division has, indeed, successfully prosecuted
violations of federal child pornography and obscenity laws which were
perpetrated with computer technology. In addition, we have applied
current law to this emerging problem while also discovering areas where
the new technology may present challenges to successful prosecution.
While we agree with the goal of various legislative proposals designed to
keep obscenity and child pornography off of the information superhighway,
we are currently developing a legislative proposal that will best meet
these challenges and provide additional prosecutorial tools. This
legislative package is being developed while taking into consideration
the need to protect fundamental rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
With respect to the communications Decency Act, while we understand that
section 402 is intended to provide users of online services the same
protection against obscene and harassing communications afforded to
telephone subscribers, this provision would not accomplish that goal.
Instead, it would significantly thwart enforcement of existing laws
regarding obscenity and child pornography, create several ways for
distributors and packagers of obscenity and child pornography to avoid
criminal liability, and threaten important First Amendment and privacy
rights.
Similarly, while we understand that section 405 of this bill is intended
to expand privacy protections to "digital" communications, such
communications are already protected under existing law. Moreover, this
provision would have the unintended consequences of jeopardizing law
enforcement's authority to conduct lawful, court-ordered wiretaps and
would prevent system administrators from protecting their systems when
they are under attack by computer hackers.
Despite the flaws in these provisions, the Administration applauds the
primary goal of this legislation: prevent obscenity from being widely
transmitted over telecommunications networks to which minors have access.
However, the legislation raises complex policy issues that merit close
examination prior to Congressional action. We recommend that a
comprehensive review be undertaken of current laws and law enforcement
resources for prosecuting online obscenity and child pornography, and the
technical means available to enable parents and users to control the
commercial and non commercial communications they receive over
interactive telecommunications systems.
The following are the Department's primary objections to sections 402 and
405 of the pending telecommunication bill:
First, Section 402 of the bill would impose criminal sanctions on the
transmission of constitutionally protected speech. Specifically,
subsections 402(a)(1) and (b)(2) of the bill would criminalize the
transmission of indecent communications, which are protected by the First
Amendment. In _Sable Communications of Cal. v. FCC_, 492 U.S. 115 (1989),
the Supreme Court ruled that any restrictions on the content of protected
speech in media other than broadcast media must advance a compelling
state interest and be accomplished by the "least restrictive means." 8y
relying on technology relevant only to 900 number services, section 402
fails to take into account less restrictive alternatives utilizing
existing and emerging technologies which enable parents and other adult
users to control access to content.
Nearly ten years of litigation, along with modifications of the
regulations, were necessary before the current statute as applied to
audiotext services, or "dial-a-porn" calling numbers, was upheld as
constitutional. See _Dial Information Services v. Thornburg_, 938 F. 2d
1535 (2d Cir. 1991). The proposed amendment in section 40-2 of the bill
would jeopardize the enforcement of the existing dial-a-porn statute by
inviting additional constitutional challenges, with the concomitant
diversion of law enforcement resources.
Second, the definition of "knowingly" in section 402 of the bill would
cripple obscenity prosecutions. Under subsection 402(e), only those
persons with "actual knowledge" of the "specific content of the
communication" could be held criminally liable. This definiition would,
make it difficult, if not impossible, to prove guilt, and the standard is
higher than the prevailing knowledge requirements under existing
obscenity and child sexual exploitation statutes. Under _Miller v.
California_, 413 U.S. 629 (1973j, the government must only prove that a
person being prosecuted under an obscenity statute had knowledge of the
general nature of the material being distributed. Large-scale
distributors of child pornography and other obscene materials--among the
most egregious violators -- do not read or view each obscene item they
distribute. the proposed definition in subsection 402(e) would make it
nearly impossible for the government to establish the necessary knowledge
requirement and would thereby severely handicap enforcement of existing
statutes.
Third, section 402 would add new terms and defenses that would thwart
ongoing enforcement of the dial-a-porn statute. Currently, the government
is vigorously enforcing the existing dial-a-porn statute. It took more
than ten years for the government to be able to do so, due to
constitutional challenges. The proposed amendment to this statute
fundamentally changes its provisions and subjects it to renewed
constitutional attack which would hinder current enforcement efforts.
Fourth, section 402 would do significant harm by inserting new and
sweeping defenses that may be applied to nullify existing federal
criminal statutes. The government currently enforces federal criminal
laws preventing the distribution over computer networks of obscene and
other pornographic material that is harmful to minors (under 18 U.S.C.
section 1465, 2252 * 2423 (a)), the illegal solicitation of a minor by
way of a computer network (under 18 U.S.C. section 2252), and illegal
"luring" of a minor into sexual activity through computer conversations
(under 18 U.S.C. section 2423(b)). These statutes apply to all methods of
"distribution" including over computer networks. The new defenses
proposed in subsection 402(d) would thwart ongoing government obscenity
and child sexual exploitation prosecutions in several important ways:
* The first defense under subsection 402 (d)(1) would immunize from
prosecution "any action" by a defendant who operates a computer bulletin
board service as an outlet for the distribution of pornography and
obscenity so long as he does not create or later the material [sic]. In
fact, this defense would establish a system under which distributors of
pornographic material by way of computer would be subject to fewer
criminal sanctions than distributors of obscene videos, books, or magazines.
* The second defense provided in subsection 402(d)(2) would exculpate
defendants who "lacked editorial control over the communications." Such a
defense may significantly harm the goal of ensuring that obscene or
pornographic material is not available on the Internet or other computer
networks by creating a disincentive for operators of public bulletin
board services to control postings on their boards.
Moreover, persons who provide critical links in the pornography and
obscenity distribution chains by serving as "package fulfillment centers"
filling orders for obscene materials, could assert the defense that they
lack the requisite "editorial control." This proposed defense would
complicate prosecutions of entire obscenity distribution chains.
* The third defense provided in subsection 402 (d)(3), containing five
subparts, would be available to pornographic bulletin boards operators
who take such innocuous steps as (A) directing users to their "on/off"
switches on their computer as a "means to restrict access" to certain
communications; (B) warning, or advertising to, users that they could
receive obscene material; and (C) responding to complaints about such
minimum, [sic] this proposed defense would lead to litigation over whether
such actions constitute "good faith" steps to avoid prosecution for
violating the section 402, and could thwart existing child pornography
and obscenity prosecutions.
* The fourth defense provided in subsection 402 (d)(4) would exculpate
defendants whose pornography business does not have the "predominate
purpose" of engaging in unlawful activity. This defense would severely
undercut law enforcement's efforts to prosecute makers and distributors
of noncommercial pornography and obscenity.
* The fifth defense provided in subsection 402 (d)(5) would preclude any
cause of action from being brought against any person who has taken good
faith steps to, _inter_alia_, "restrict or prevent the transmission of,
or access to," a communication deemed unlawful under section 402. This
defense would encourage intrusion by on-line service providers into the
private electronic mail communications of individual users. The defense
actually promotes intrusions into private electronic mail by making it
"safer" to monitor private communications than to risk liability. At the
same time, this defense would defeat efforts by the government to enforce
federal privacy protections against illegal eavesdropping.
Finally, but no less significantly, section 405 amends the federal
wiretap statute in several respects, each of which creates considerable
problems. First, it amends the wiretap statute to add the term "digital"
to 10 USC section 2511 (see footnote #1), without considering the effect
of this amendment on other statutory provisions. For example, 10 USC
section 2516 (1) provides that certain government officials may authorize
an application for a wiretap order for wire or oral communications while
18 USC section 2516 (3) provides that other government officials may
authorize an application for a wiretap order for electronic
communications. Since section 405 does not amend 10 USC section 2516, to
include the term "digital," it would appear that _no_ government official
has the authority to authorize an application for a wiretap order for
digital communications. This is particularly problematic, since this
investigative tool is reserved for the most serious cases, including
those involving terrorists, organized crime, and narcotics.
Equally disconcerting, the amendment serves to protect computer hackers
at the expense of all users of the National Information Infrastructure
(NII), including businesses, government agencies and individuals. Prior
to 1994, wiretap statute allowed electronic communication services
providers to monitor _voice_ communications to protect their systems from
abuse. 18 USC section 2511 (2)(a)(i) (1986 version). Thus, when hackers
attacked computer systems and system administrators monitored these
communications, they had no clear statutory authority to do so. In
October 1994, Congress finally remedied this defect by amending 10 USC
section 2511 (2)(a)(i) to permit the monitoring of electronic (i.e.,
digital, non-voice) communications. If section 405 is enacted and these
hacker communications are deemed digital, system administrators will
once again be denied the statutory authority to monitor hacker
communications. It would be most unfortunate if, at the same time
Congress is encouraging the widespread use of the NII, it passed a law
giving system administrator's a Hobson's choice: either allow hackers to
attack systems unobserved or violate federal law.
There are three other concerns as well. First, by adding the term
"digital" without amending the suppression provisions of 18 USC section
2515, voice communications -- if they are deemed "digital" -- will no
longer be protected by the statute's exclusionary rule. This would serve
to reduce the privacy protections for phone calls.
Second, section 405 would replace the words "oral communication" with
"communication" in 18 USC section 2511 (l)(B). This would have
undesirable consequences for law enforcement because it would criminalize
the interception of communications as to which there was no reasonable
expectation of privacy (see footnote #2).
From the law enforcement perspective, there is simply no sound reason for
eliminating this highly desirable feature of present law. Additionally,
the amendment might also impact upon the news gathering process. For
example, if the conversation of two individuals shouting in a hotel room
were recorded by a news reporter standing outside the room, the reporter
would, under section 405, be violating the wiretap statute. Under current
law, of course, the individuals could not complain about the recording
because, by shouting loud enough to be heard outside the room, they lack
any reasonable expectation of privacy.
Last, the provision in section 402 (d)(5) provides that "no cause of
action may be brought in any court ... against any person on account of
any action which the person has taken in good faith to implement a
defense authorized under this section ...." This would seem to suggest
that any person can freely engage in electronic surveillance otherwise
prohibited under Title III- so long as they claim to be implementing a
section 402 defense. As such, section 402 (d)(5) severely weakens the
privacy protections currently offered by the wiretap statute.
In sum, sections 402 and 405 of the bill would hamper the government's
ongoing work in stopping the dissemination of obscenity and child
pornography and threaten law enforcement's continued ability to use
court-authorized wiretaps. We believe that a comprehensive review be
undertaken [sic] to guide response to the problems that the Communications
Decency Act seeks to address.
I assure you that the Department is aware of the growing use of computers
to transmit and traffic obscenity [sic] and child pornography. The Criminal
Division's Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section is aggressively
investigating and prosecuting the distribution of child pornography and
obscenity through computer networks, and the use of computers to locate
minors for the purpose of sexual exploitation. As we have discussed with
your staff in a meeting focused on these issues, we remain committed to
an aggressive effort to halt the use of computers to sexually exploit
children and distribute obscenity.
Sincerely,
{sig}
Kent Markus
Acting Assistant Attorney General
FOOTNOTES
(1) It should be noted that "digital" communications are already covered
by the wiretap statute. Under current law, a "digital" communication is
either a wire communication under 18 USC sec 2510 (1) (if it contains
voice) or an "electronic communication" under 18 USC sec 2510 (12) (if it
does not contain voice). Since such communications are already covered,
the reason for enacting section 405 is unclear, and it is difficult to
predict how the courts will interpret the amendment.
(2) The definition of "oral communication" in 18 USC sec 2510 (2)
contains a requirement that the communication to be protected must have
been made under circumstances justifying an expectation of privacy.
[End of DoJ document.]
------------------------------
Subject: A Note About This Newsletter
-------------------------------------
To better serve our members and the interested public, EFF will be
releasing its newsletter more frequently. This has the dual benefit of
getting news to you faster, and keeping the size of the newsletter small
and easier to digest in these times of "information overload".
If you have comments or questions about this newsletter or EFF in
general, please send them to editor@eff.org (Stanton McCandlish).
------------------------------
Subject: Calendar of Events
---------------------------
This schedule lists EFF events, and those we feel might be of interest to
our members. EFF events (those sponsored by us or featuring an EFF speaker)
are marked with a "*" instead of a "-" after the date. Simlarly, government
events, such as deadlines for comments on reports or testimony submission, are
marked with "!" in place of the "-" after the date.
If you know of an event of some sort that should be listed here, please
send info about it to Stanton McCandlish (mech@eff.org)
The latest full version of this calendar, which includes material for
later in the year as well as the next couple of months, is available from:
ftp: ftp.eff.org, /pub/EFF/calendar.eff
gopher: gopher.eff.org, 1/EFF, calendar.eff
http://www.eff.org/pub/EFF/calendar.eff
Updated: May 6, 1995
May 7-
11 - Assoc. for Computing Machinery Conf. on Computer-Human Interaction
(CHI95); Denver, Colorado.
Contact: +1 410 263 5382 (voice)
Email: chi95@sigchi.acm.org
WWW: http://info.sigchi.acm.org/sigchi/chi95.html
May 8-
10 - IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy, Oakland, Calif.
Email: sp95@itd.nrl.navy.mil
May 14-
17 - Interactive95; Anaheim, Calif. "The leading forum for developers
and users of multimedia learning technology".
Contact: 1-800-348-7246 (voice, US-only), +1 617 393 3344 (voice,
elsewhere)
May 16 * Networking the World Conf.; Virginia Commonwealth U., Richmond, VA.
Legal issues panel includes Shari Steele (EFF)
May 17-
20 - National Public Telecomputing Network 1995 Conf. (Free-Net '95);
Computing Commons Bldg., ASU, Tempe, Arizona.
Includes a session entitled "Laws and Liabilities of Electronic
Communities".
Email: amq@nptn.org
WWW: http://www.nptn.org/
May 22-
24 - ErgoCon '95 - Silicon Valley Ergonomics Conference & Exposition;
San Jose, Calif.
Contact: Abbas Moallem, +1 408 9244132 (voice), +1 408 924 4153 (fax)
May 26-
28 - Virtual Futures 1995; U. of Warwick, Coventry, UK. VF'95 "is an
interdisciplinary event that examines the role of cybernetic
and specifically dissipative or non-linear models in the arts,
sciences, and philosophy. The conference explores the relationship
between postmodern philosophy and chaos theory, with topics
ranging from: information technology, hypertext and
multimedia applications...[to] neural nets, and nanotechnology."
Speakers include: Kathy Acker, Hakim Bey, Richard Kadrey, Manuel
DeLanda, Alan Sondheim and many more. Deadline for proposals:
Mar. 1 '95.
Contact: +44 0203 523523 x2582 (voice), +44 0203 523019 (fax)
Email: virtual-futures@warwick.ac.uk
May 31 - Deadline for paper submissions, 11th Ann. Computer Security
Applications Conference (see Dec. 11, below).
June 4-
6 - Cyber.Xpo.95; Sahara Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada; sponsored by
_Sysop_News_. Seminar sessions & tradeshow.
Contact: +1 614 452 4541 (voice)
June 5-
6 ! 5th Annual "U.S. Copyright Office Speaks" Seminar (West Coast);
the Beverly Hilton, Los Angeles, Calif. Topics include: inside
look at New Register's agenda, analysis of NII legislation,
ACCORD update, & international developments. (See May 1-2 for
East Coast event.)
Contact: +1 201 894 8260 (voice)
June 7-
9 - Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Applications on Wall Street; Pace University, New York City, NY.
Contact: +1 914 763 8820 (voice), +1 914 763 9324 (fax)
Email: satwell@mcimail.com
June 8-
10 - Exploring the VideoClass Alternative; Raleigh, N. Carolina.
Email: tom_russell@nsu.edu
June 11-
14 - Society & the Future of Computing (SFC'95); Tamarron Lodge,
Durango, Colorado. Sponsored by the Assoc. for Computing
Machinery, LANL, U. of Md., IEEE. Speakers will include Phil Agre
(UCSD), Leslie Sandberg (Institute for Telemedicine), Wm.
Halverson (PacBell), Don Norman (Apple), Linda Garcia
(Congressional Office of Technology Assessment), John
Cherniavsky (Natl. Science Found.) and several others.
Email: sfc95@lanl.gov
WWW: http://www.lanl.gov/LANLNews/Conferences/.sfc95/sfcHome.html/
June 13-
15 - IDT 95 - 12th Congress on Information Markets and Industries;
Paris, France. Organized by ADBS (a society of information
professionals), ANRT (National Association of Technological
Research), and GFII (French association of information industries).
Contact: +33 1 43 72 25 25 (voice), +33 1 43 72 30 41 (fax)
June 17-
19 - NECC'95: Emerging Technologies and Lifelong Learning: 16th Annual
National Educational Computing Conf., sponsored by International
Society for Technology in Education; Baltimore, Maryland.
VP Gore and Sec'y. of Labor Robert Reich invited as keynote
speakers. Other speakers include: John Phillipo (CELT), Frank
Knott (MGITB)
Contact: +1 503 346 2834 (voice), +1 503 346 5890 (fax)
Email: necc95@ccmail.uoregon.edu
June 18-
21 - ED-MEDIA'95; Graz, Austria. A world conference on educational
multimedia and hypermedia. Sponsor: The Association for the
Advancement of Computing.
Contact: +1 804 973 3987 (voice)
Email: aace@virginia.edu.
June 24-
28 - Workshop on Ethical & Professional Issues in Computing;
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY. Deadline for submissions:
Apr. 15.
Contact: +1 518 276 8503 (voice), +1 518 276 2659 (fax)
Email: cherkt@rpi.edu
June 27-
29 - Women in Technology Conference: Channels for Change; Santa Clara
Conv. Ctr., Santa Clara, Calif. Speakers include: Gloria Steinem.
Sponsored by Int'l. Network of Women in Technology (WITI).
Contact: +1 818 990 1987 (voice), +1 818 906 3299 (fax)
Email: witi@crl.com
June 28-
30 - INET '95 Internet Society 5th Ann. International Networking
Conf.; Honolulu, Hawaii. Sponsored by Internet Society (ISoc).
See Jan. 13 for proposal deadline
Contact: +1 703 648 9888 (voice)
FTP: ftp.isoc.org, /isoc/inet95/
Gopher: gopher.isoc.org, 1/isoc/inet95
WWW: http://www.isoc.org/inet95.html
Email: inet95@isoc.org
------------------------------
Subject: What YOU Can Do
------------------------
* The Exon Bill (Communications Decency Act)
The Communications Decency Act poses serious threats to freedom of
expression online, and to the livelihoods of system operators. The
legislation also undermines several crucial privacy protections.
Business/industry persons concerned should alert their corporate govt.
affairs office and/or legal counsel. Everyone should write to their own
Senators and ask them to oppose this bill. Explain, quickly and
clearly, why this bill is dangerous, and urge efforts to stop this
legislation or remove it from the larger bill it is a part of.
S.652, the Senate telecom deregulation bill, now contains Sen. Exon's
"Communications Decency Act" (formerly S.314.) The House version, even
more dangerous to system operators, is H.R.1004.
For more information on what you can do to help stop this dangerous
legislation, see:
ftp.eff.org, /pub/Alerts/s314_hr1004_s652.alert
gopher.eff.org, 1/Alerts, s314_hr1004_s652.alert
http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/
If you do not have full internet access, send a request for this action
alert to ask@eff.org.
* Find Out Who Your Congresspersons Are
EFF has lists of the Senate and House with contact information, as well
as lists of Congressional committees. These lists are available at:
ftp.eff.org, /pub/Activism/Congress_cmtes/
gopher.eff.org, 1/EFF/Issues/Activism/Congress_cmtes
http://www.eff.org/pub/Activism/Congress_cmtes/
The full Senate and House lists are senate.list and hr.list, respectively.
Those not in the U.S. should seek out similar information about their
own legislative bodies. EFF will be happy to archive any such
information provided.
* Join EFF!
For EFF membership info, send queries to membership@eff.org, or send any
message to info@eff.org for basic EFF info, and a membership form.
------------------------------
Administrivia
=============
EFFector Online is published by:
The Electronic Frontier Foundation
1667 K St. NW, Suite 801
Washington DC 20006-1605 USA
+1 202 861 7700 (voice)
+1 202 861 1258 (fax)
+1 202 861 1223 (BBS - 16.8k ZyXEL)
+1 202 861 1224 (BBS - 14.4k V.32bis)
Membership & donations: membership@eff.org
Legal services: ssteele@eff.org
Hardcopy publications: pubs@eff.org
General EFF, legal, policy or online resources queries: ask@eff.org
Editor: Stanton McCandlish, Online Services Mgr. (mech@eff.org)
Reproduction of this publication in electronic media is encouraged. Signed
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To subscribe to EFFector via email, send message body of "subscribe
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Back issues are available at:
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To get the latest issue, send any message to effector-reflector@eff.org (or
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------------------------------
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