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Quanta 1990 Vol. 2 Issue 2
____________________________
QQQQQ tt
QQ QQ tttttt Staff:
QQ QQ uu uu aaaa nnnn tt aaaa
QQ QQ uu uu aa aa nn nn tt aa aa Daniel K. Appelquist
QQ QQ uu uu aa aa nn nn tt aa aa Editor/Technical Director
QQQQQQ uuu aaaaa nn nn tt aaaaa Norman S. Murray
QQQ Editorial Assistant
Matthew Sorrels
____________________________________________ Proofreader
Jay Laefer
April 1990 Volume II, Issue 2 Additional Proofreading
____________________________________________ Daniel Fahs
Cover Artist (PS version)
Articles
Quanta is Copyright (c) 1990
Looking Ahead by Daniel K. Appelquist.
Daniel K. Appelquist This magazine may be
archived, reproduced
Life on Ice and/or distributed under the
Craig Levin condition that it is left
intact and that no additions
or changes are made to it.
Novellas
The works within this
The Babysitters magazine are the sole
Faye Levine property of their respective
authors. No further use of
their works is permitted
Short Fiction without their explicit
consent. All stories in this
Celestial Earthmovers magazine are fiction. No
Phillip Nolte actual persons are
designated by name or
Sexy's Devils character. Any similarity is
Cerise Palmer is coincidental.
Sharp and Silver Beings
Jason Snell All submissions should be
sent to one of the following
Fair Play addresses:
Kenneth A. Kousen
quanta@andrew.cmu.edu
Being There quanta@andrew.BITNET
Christopher Kempke
All requests for back issues
Poetry queries about subscriptions
letters or comments should
The Painted Viper Cries be sent to the same address.
Albert L. Evans ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Looking Ahead
Daniel K. Appelquist
______________________________________________________________________
Some good news for those of you in search of back issues...
There is now an anonymous FTP server for Quanta back issues. It
exists at the address fed.express.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.209.58). It
contains all back issues (including this one) in both PostScript and
Ascii format. The relevant directories are /quanta/ascii and
/quanta/postscript. I believe this service should be useful to both
Internet and Bitnet users (the latter can access the site via BitFTP
servers)
Well, as you may have noticed, this issue is a bit long. This
may be partially due to Faye Levine's new story, _The Babysitters_.
I'm excited about Faye's material but if her story size keeps growing
at its current rate, we'll have to rename the magazine Faye Levine
Quarterly! At any rate, Faye wants people to know that this story
takes place some years after the events in _One_, her story from last
issue, but eighteen years before _Dinner at Nestrosa's_, the excerpt
from her yet-to-be-published novel _Revolution_ which we published in
our December issue of last year.
We really have a block-buster lineup this issue. Jason Snell's
story _Sharp and Silver Beings_ for one. You may remember Jason's
story _Into Gray_ which appeared in the first issue of Quanta as well
as his article _Cyberpunk's a Label Like Any Other_ from last issue.
We also have a Quanta first: a sequel. Specifically, a sequel to
Christopher Kempke's very popular story _Going Places_, published in
the first issue. Craig Levin, in his semi-regular science column,
brings us some information and speculation on the existance of
extra-terestrial life right here in our own solar system. We also have
several newcomers this issue. Cerise Palmer, Phillip Nolte, and
Kenneth Kousen all have donated excellent stories and I hope they
continue to do so. I also hope to see more work from new faces in the
future. If you have a story you'd like to submit, send it along to
me.
You may be noticing the specific lack of a sequel to Thomas
Hand's _Ice Ball_ from last issue. Not to worry! We'll be seeing
more of Terri's adventures in issues to come.
At this point, I'd like to ask all of you some questions.
Specifically, I'd like to poll all of you about your feelings on
Quanta. If you have a second, answer the following questions and send
your answers back to me. Be sure to include the word "poll" in your
subject header.
Reader Poll
1. How much interest do you have in the non-fiction articles
appearing in Quanta?
o None
o Some
o Love 'em
2. How would you rate the overall quality of Quanta?
o Bad
o It's Mediocre
o It's good
o It's excellent!
3. Of the issues you've read so far (including this one) which issue
of Quanta would you say is your favorite?
o #1
o #2
o #3
o #4
o Can't say for sure.
4. What has been your favorite piece (Story, Poem or Article) so far?
5. What has been your least favorite piece (Story, Poem or Article)
so far?
6. What would you like to see more of?
7. What would you like to see less of?
8. Do you have any suggestions concerning the typesetting of the
magazine?
9. Any other comments/complaints.
I'll be waiting to hear your comments. Feel free to elaborate on
your answers. If you have ANY comment on Quanta you'd like me to
hear, don't hesitate to send it along. I'd like very much initiate a
letters column next issue, but to do this I need letters!
One last note. If you're not going to be able to receive Quanta
during the summer and you'd like me to temporarilly cancel your
subscription and then reinstate it for next year, drop me a line. I
don't want to be sending Quanta to people who aren't going to be there
to receive it.
Enough ramblings from me. Enjoy this issue of Quanta!
______________________________________________________________________
Life on Ice
The Possibility of Life on Europa and Enceladus
Craig Levin
Copyright (c) 1990
______________________________________________________________________
I: Introduction
The search for extra-terrestrial life has been one of the major
driving forces of planetology. Many of planetology's major figures,
from Sir William Herschel, to Percival Lowell, even up to Carl Sagan,
have believed in a plurality of worlds. Yet, despite the optimism of
all the searchers, not one of the terrestrial planets have been found
to harbor life, save our own planet Earth.
Yet the possibilities for life elsewhere in our Solar System have
been poorly explored. In the sixties, Carl Sagan postulated the
existence of life under and among Jupiter's clouds. Unfortunately, the
proposal seemed to lack merit when it came time to design Galileo's
atmospheric probe. However, it is not Jupiter, nor is it any of the
other Jovian planets that I believe to be the abode of fellow
creatures, but instead, two of the icemoons I wrote about in my March
1990 article in the EJASA entitled "Ice Moons of the Jovian Worlds":
Enceladus and Europa.
In this article I will first describe what life need in order to
get started on a world. Next, I will desribe the conditions on Europa
and Enceladus in both the past and present. Finally, I will compare
the five described conditions, and thereby discover if, indeed,
Enceladus and Europa are harbors for life, or dead lumps of ices.
II: Conditions for the Birth of Life
Life is a delicate thing, yet it arose on Earth under conditions
that might seem harsh to us here nearly three billion years after the
fact. Earth's atmosphere was nothing then like it is now. Instead of
the familiar oxygen and nitrogen that we all breathe, Earth's
atmosphere was mainly composed of steam, carbon di-oxide, methane, and
ammonia. Thanks to experiments made in 1953 by Stanley Miller, it has
been shown that if these chemicals are exposed to electric sparks or
ultra-violet light, most of the known amino acids and some of the
simpler proteins will form. In 1936, A.I. Oparin found that these
amino acids and protein would form globules in water. These he
believed were the progenitors of protozoa, the lowest forms of life.
Thus life was started on Earth. But what about the main
subjects-Enceladus and Europa?
III: Primeval Conditions on Europa and Enceladus
It has been shown that Jupiter and Saturn are both warmer now
than can be accounted for by solar radiation. It seems to be the
general consensus that this heat is the remnant of the original energy
that was the result of the respective planet's collapse into a dense
ball of rock, metal, and liquid metal hydrogen. If the heat is enough
to show up signifigantly now, what must it have been like four or five
billion yers ago? Terence Dickinson claims: "Near the origin of the
solar system [sic] Jupiter was more like a miniature sun than a
planet, shedding enough heat that... would have allowed [Europa's]
surface to be covered in an ocean..." 1 I am including Saturn in this
as well, in light of its similar size and composition. During this
time, there also were other processes that could have given Enceladus
and Europa open oceans for the Sun to shine on: heat of accretion and
heat of differentiation could have had melted the crusts of both
moons. Meteorite impacts could have opened pits in their icy crusts.
However, do the moons have organic material for the Sun's ultra-violet
rays to shine on?
Let us look at the composition of the typical ice moon. In this
"typical" ice moon, we find, in addition to some rock and metal, water
ice, dry ice, and frozen ammonia and methane. Despite their frozen
state today, at the time, if water was in liquid form then, most, if
not all of the chemicals listed above were also in liquid or vapor
form. Plus, with the exposure of these vapors and liquids to the young
Sun's more energetic ultra-violet rays, life's components would have
formed on the far-off surfaces of Enceladus and Europa. But what of
the present day? How could protozoa formed then somehow survive to the
present?
IV: Present Conditions on Europa and Enceladus
Protozoa on Earth seem to tolerate many different environments,
but one thing seems clear. All life needs water, and all life needs an
energy source, be it sunlight or plants or geothermal energy. Do the
present conditions on Europa and Enceladus give these conditions to
the hypothetical protozoa?
I say yes. There is a good chance that both Europa and Enceladus
have liquid water under their ice crusts. The heat generated by tidal
interactions between Io, Europa and Jupiter, according to Lucchita and
Soderblom, was enough to melt the ice under the crust of Europa.
Enceladus has been observed to send out plumes of water by Voyager II.
So we can assume that at least there is water to sustain subterranean
life on the two moons. But is there an energy source? Considering that
most estimates of the thickness of Europa's crust, and it seems to be
the warmer of the two moons, being both larger and less cratered, lie
around a figure of twenty-five miles, I think one can rule out
sunlight as a source of energy. But geothermal energy on such active
moons is quite possible, to say the least. It has certainly been shown
on Earth that geothermal heat sources can sustain life.
V: Life?
Let us compare the five conditions described above. For life's
founding, we need ammonia, methane, carbon di-oxide, steam, and either
lightning or ultra-violet rays. Europa and Enceladus had, and still
have, the chemicals necessary. If one considers likely the scenario I
have described above for the Saturn and Jupiter, then ultra-violet
light was present as well. Life had a good chance of starting. For
life's continuance, we need an energy source and liquid water. Due to
their tidal interactions with their neighbors, Enceladus and Europa
have liquid water and geothermal energy. This leads me to belive that
our first aliens are to be found as Europans and Enceladians, fellow
members of the Solar system of which we ourselves are a part.