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Playstation GTE Documentation & Explanation
==========================================================================
GTE.txt - Documentation & Explanation.
==========================================================================
Disclaimer.
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This document is a collection of all info on the GTE i could find and my
own notes. Most of this is the result of experiment, so not all info might
be correct. This document is most probably not complete, and not all
capabilities and quirks of the GTE are documented. No responsibility is
taken for anything that might occur using the information in this document.
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Introduction.
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The Geometry Transformation Engine (GTE) is the heart of all 3d
calculations on the psx. The GTE has specialised functions for perspective
transformations, light sourcing and the like, and is much faster than the
CPU on these operations. It is mounted as the second coprocessor and as
such has no physical address in the memory of the psx. All control is done
through special instructions.
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Basic mathematics
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The GTE is basicly an engine for vector mathematics, so some knowledge
of that area is vital for correct usage of the GTE. I will not delve to
deeply in that area, as that's beyond the scope of this text, but i'll
introduce some concepts.
The basic representation of a point(vertex) in 3d space is through a vector
of the sort [X,Y,Z]. In GTE operation there's basicly two kinds of these,
vectors of variable length and vectors of a unit length of 1.0, called
normal vectors. The first is used to decribe a locations and translations
in 3d space, the second to describe a direction.
Rotation of vertices is performed by multiplying the vector of the vertex
with a rotation matrix. The rotation matrix is a 3x3 matrix consisting of
3 normal vectors which are orthogonal to each other. (It's actually the
matrix which describes the coordinate system in which the vertex is located
in relation to the unit coordinate system. See a maths book for more
details.) This matrix is derived from rotation angles as follows:
(s? = sin(?), c? = cos(?))
Rotation angle A Rotation angle B Rotation angle C
about X axis: about Y axis: about Z axis:
| 1 0 0| | cB 0 sB| | cC -sC 0|
| 0 cA -sA| | 0 1 0| | sC cC 0|
| 0 sA cA| |-sB 0 cB| | 0 0 1|
Rotation about multiple axis can be done by multiplying these matrices
with eachother. Note that the order in which this multiplication is done
*IS* important. The GTE has no sine or cosine functions, so the calculation
of these must be done by the CPU.
Translation is the simple addition of two vectors, relocating the vertex
within its current coordinate system. Needless to say the order in which
translation and rotation occur for a vector is important.
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Brief Function descriptions
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RTPS/RTPT Rotate, translate and perpective transformation.
These two functions perform the final 3d calculations on one or three
vertices at once. The points are first multiplied with a rotation matrix(R),
and after that translated(TR). Finally a perspective transformation is
applied, which results in 2d screen coordinates. It also returns an
interpolation value to be used with the various depth cueing instructions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MVMVA Matrix & Vector multiplication and addition.
Multiplies a vector with either the rotation matrix, the light matrix or
the color matrix and then adds the translation vector or background color
vector.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
DCPL Depth cue light color
First calculates a color from a light vector(normal vector of a plane
multiplied with the light matrix and zero limited) and a provided RGB value.
Then performs depth cueing by interpolating between the far color vector and
the newfound color.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
DPCS/DPCT Depth cue single/triple
Performs depth cueing by interpolating between a color and the far color
vector on one or three colors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTPL Interpolation
Interpolates between a vector and the far color vector.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQR Square
Calculates the square of a vector.
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NCS/NCT Normal Color
Calculates a color from the normal of a point or plane and the light
sources and colors. The basic color of the plane or point the normal
refers to is assumed to be white.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCDS/NCDT Normal Color Depth Cue.
Same as NCS/NCT but also performs depth cueing (like DPCS/DPCT)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCCS/NCCT
Same NCS/NCT, but the base color of the plane or point is taken into
account.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CDP
A color is calculated from a light vector (base color is assumed to be
white) and depth cueing is performed (like DPCS).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC
A color is calculated from a light vector and a base color.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCLIP
Calculates the outer product of three 2d points.(ie. 3 vertices which
define a plane after projection.)
The 3 vertices should be stored clockwise according to the visual point:
Z+
/
/____ X+
|
|
Y+
If this is so, the result of this function will be negative if we are
facing the backside of the plane.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AVSZ3/AVSZ4
Adds 3 or 4 z values together and multplies them by a fixed point value.
This value is normally chosen so that this function returns the average
of the z values (usually further divided by 2 or 4 for easy adding to the
OT)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
OP
Calculates the outer product of 2 vectors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPF
Multiplies 2 vectors. Also returns the result as 24bit rgb value.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPL
Multiplies a vector with a scalar and adds the result to another vector.
Also returns the result as 24bit rgb value.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GTE Operation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instructions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The CPU has six special load and store instructions for the GTE registers,
and an instruction to issue commands to the coprocessor.
rt CPU register 0-31
gd GTE data register 0-31
gc GTE control register 0-31
imm 16 bit immediate value
base CPU register 0-31
imm(base) address pointed to by base + imm.
b25 25 bit wide data field.
LWC2 gd, imm(base) stores value at imm(base) in gte data register gd.
SWC2 gd, imm(base) stores gte data register at imm(base).
MTC2 rt, gd stores register rt in GTE data register gd.
MFC2 rt, gd stores GTE data register gd in register rt.
CTC2 rt, gc stores register rt in GTE control register gc.
CFC2 rt, gc stores GTE control register in register rt.
COP2 b25 Issues a GTE command.
Gte load and store instructions have a delay of 2 instructions, for any
gte commands or operations accessing that register.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Registers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The GTE has 32 data registers, and 32 control registers,each 32 bits wide.
The following list describes their common use and format. Note in some
functions format is different from the one that's given here. The numbers
in the format fields are the signed, integer and fractional parts of the
field. So 1,3,12 means signed(1 bit), 3 bits integral part, 12 bits
fractional part.
Control registers:
No. Name |31-24 23-16|15-08 07-01| Description
0 R11R12 |R12 1, 3,12|R11 1, 3,12| Rotation matrix elements 11, 12
1 R13R21 |R21 1, 3,12|R13 1, 3,12| Rotation matrix elements 13, 21
2 R22R23 |R23 1, 3,12|R22 1, 3,12| Rotation matrix elements 22, 23
3 R31R32 |R32 1, 3,12|R31 1, 3,12| Rotation matrix elements 31, 32
4 R33 | 0|R33 1, 3,12| Rotation matrix element 33
5 TRX |TRX 1,31, 0 | Translation vector X
6 TRY |TRY 1,31, 0 | Translation vector Y
7 TRZ |TRZ 1,31, 0 | Translation vector Z
8 L11L12 |L12 1, 3,12|L11 1, 3,12| Light source matrix elements 11, 12
9 L13L21 |L21 1, 3,12|L13 1, 3,12| Light source matrix elements 13, 21
10 L22L23 |L23 1, 3,12|L22 1, 3,12| Light source matrix elements 22, 23
11 L31L32 |L32 1, 3,12|L31 1, 3,12| Light source matrix elements 31, 32
12 L33 | 0|L33 1, 3,12| Light source matrix element 33
13 RBK |RBK 1,19,12 | Background color red component.
14 GBK |GBK 1,19,12 | Background color green component.
15 BBK |RBK 1,19,12 | Background color blue component.
16 LR1LR2 |LR2 1, 3,12|LR1 1, 3,12| Light color matrix source 1&2 red comp.
17 LR3LG1 |LG1 1, 3,12|LR3 1, 3,12| Light color matrix source 3 red, 1 green
18 LG2LG3 |LG3 1, 3,12|LG2 1, 3,12| Light color matrix source 2&3 green comp.
19 LB1LB2 |LB2 1, 3,12|LB1 1, 3,12| Light color matrix source 1&2 blue comp.
20 LB3 | 0|LB3 1, 3,12| Light color matrix source 3 blue component.
21 RFC |RFC 1,27, 4 | Far color red component.
22 GFC |GFC 1,27, 4 | Far color green component.
23 BFC |BFC 1,27, 4 | Far color blue component.
24 OFX |OFX 1,15,16 | Screen offset X
25 OFY |OFY 1,15,16 | Screen offset Y
26 H | 0|H 0,16, 0| Projection plane distance.
27 DQA | 0|DQA 1, 7, 8| Depth queing parameter A.(coefficient.)
28 DQB | 0|DQB 1, 7,24| Depth queing parameter B.(offset.)
29 ZSF3 | 0|ZSF3 1,3,12| Z3 average scale factor (normally 1/3)
30 ZSF4 | 0|ZSF4 1,3,12| Z4 average scale factor (normally 1/4)
31 FLAG |See gte funcions | Returns any calculation errors.
Data registers:
No. Name rw|31-24 23-16|15-08 07-01| Description
0 VXY0 rw|VY0 |VX0 | Vector 0 X and Y. 1,3,12 or 1,15,0
1 VZ0 rw| 0|VZ0 | Vector 0 Z.
2 VXY1 rw|VY1 |VX1 | Vector 1 X and Y. 1,3,12 or 1,15,0
3 VZ1 rw| 0|VZ1 | Vector 1 Z.
4 VXY2 rw|VY2 |VX2 | Vector 2 X and Y. 1,3,12 or 1,15,0
5 VZ2 rw| 0|VZ2 | Vector 2 Z.
6 RGB rw|Code |B |G |R | Rgb value. Code is passed, but not used in calc.
7 OTZ r | |OTZ 0,15, 0| Z Average value.
8 IR0 rw|Sign |IR0 1, 3,12| Intermediate value 0. *1
9 IR1 rw|Sign |IR0 1, 3,12| Intermediate value 1. *1
10 IR2 rw|Sign |IR0 1, 3,12| Intermediate value 2. *1
11 IR3 rw|Sign |IR0 1, 3,12| Intermediate value 3. *1
12 SXY0 rw|SY0 1,15, 0|SX0 1,15, 0| Screen XY coordinate fifo. *2
13 SXY1 rw|SY1 1,15, 0|SX1 1,15, 0|
14 SXY2 rw|SY2 1,15, 0|SX2 1,15, 0|
15 SXYP rw|SYP 1,15, 0|SXP 1,15, 0|
16 SZ0 rw| 0|SZ0 0,16, 0| Screen Z fifo. *2
17 SZ1 rw| 0|SZ1 0,16, 0|
18 SZ2 rw| 0|SZ2 0,16, 0|
19 SZ3 rw| 0|SZ3 0,16, 0|
20 RGB0 rw|CD0 |B0 |G0 |R0 | Characteristic color fifo. *2
21 RGB1 rw|CD1 |B1 |G1 |R1 |
22 RGB2 rw|CD2 |B2 |G2 |R2 | CD2 is the bit pattern of currently executed function
23 (RES1) | | Prohibited
24 MAC0 rw|MAC0 1,31,0 | Sum of products value 0
25 MAC1 rw|MAC1 1,31,0 | Sum of products value 1
26 MAC2 rw|MAC2 1,31,0 | Sum of products value 2
27 MAC3 rw|MAC3 1,31,0 | Sum of products value 3
28 IRGB w| |IB |IG |IR | *3
29 ORGB r | |OB |OG |OR | *4
30 LZCS w|LZCS 1,31,0 | Leading zero count source data.*5
31 LZCR r |LZCR 0,6,0 | Leading zero count result.*5
*1) The specified format is the format which GTE functions output to these
registers. The input format is mostly (1,19,12)
*2) The SXYx, SZx and RGBx are first in first out registers (fifo). The last
calculation result is stored in the last register, and previous results
are stored in previous registers. So for example when a new SXY value
is obtained the following happens:
SXY0 = SXY1
SXY1 = SXY2
SXY2 = SXYP
SXYP = result.
*3) IRGB:
|31 15|14-10| 9- 5| 4- 0|
| 0|IR |IG |IB |
When writing a value to IRGB the following happens:
IR1 = IR format converted to (1,11,4)
IR2 = IG format converted to (1,11,4)
IR3 = IB format converted to (1,11,4)
*4) ORGB:
|31 15|14-10| 9- 5| 4- 0|
| 0|IR |IG |IB |
When writing a value to IRGB the following happens:
IR = (IR1>>7) &$1f
IG = (IR2>>7) &$1f
IB = (IR3>>7) &$1f
*5) Reading LZCR returns the leading 0 count of LZCS if LZCS is positive
and the leading 1 count of LZCS if LZCS is negative.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Programming Considerations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before use the GTE must be turned on. The GTE has bit 30 allocated to it in
the status register of the stystem control coprocessor (cop0). Before any
GTE instruction is used, this bit must be set.
GTE instructions and functions should not be used in
- Delay slots of jumps and branches
- Event handlers or interrupts.
If an instruction that reads a GTE register or a GTE command is executed
before the current GTE command is finished, the cpu will hold until the
instruction has finished. The number of cycles each GTE instruction takes
is in the command list.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function Operation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
This part describes the actual calculations performed by the various GTE
functions. The first line contains the name of the function, the number
of cycles it takes and a brief description. The second line any fields that
may be set in the opcode and in the third line is the actual opcode. See
the end of the list for the fields and their descriptions. Then follows a
list of all registers which are needed in the calculation under the 'in',
and a list of registers which modified under the 'out' with a brief
description and the format of the data. Next follows the calculation which
is performed after initiating the function. The format field left is the
size in which the data is stored, the format field on the right contains
the format in which the calculation is performed. At certain points in the
calculation checks and limitations are done and their results stored in the
flag register, see the table below. They are identified with the code from
the second column of the table directly followed by square brackets
enclosing the part of the calculation on which the check is performed. The
additional Lm_ identifier means the value is limited to the bottom or
ceiling of the check if it exceeds the boundary.
bit description
31 Checksum.
30 A1 Result larger than 43 bits and positive
29 A2 Result larger than 43 bits and positive
28 A3 Result larger than 43 bits and positive
27 A1 Result larger than 43 bits and negative
26 A2 Result larger than 43 bits and negative
25 A3 Result larger than 43 bits and negative
24 B1 Value negative(lm=1) or larger than 15 bits(lm=0)
23 B2 Value negative(lm=1) or larger than 15 bits(lm=0)
22 B3 Value negative(lm=1) or larger than 15 bits(lm=0)
21 C1 Value negative or larger than 8 bits.
20 C2 Value negative or larger than 8 bits.
19 C3 Value negative or larger than 8 bits.
18 D Value negative or larger than 16 bits.
17 E Divide overflow. (quotient > 2.0)
16 F Result larger than 31 bits and positive.
15 F Result larger than 31 bits and negative.
14 G1 Value larger than 10 bits.
13 G2 Value larger than 10 bits.
12 H Value negative or larger than 12 bits.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RTPS 15 Perspective transformation
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0180001
In: V0 Vector to transform. [1,15,0]
R Rotation matrix [1,3,12]
TR Translation vector [1,31,0]
H View plane distance [0,16,0]
DQA Depth que interpolation values. [1,7,8]
DQB [1,7,8]
OFX Screen offset values. [1,15,16]
OFY [1,15,16]
Out: SXY fifo Screen XY coordinates.(short) [1,15,0]
SZ fifo Screen Z coordinate.(short) [0,16,0]
IR0 Interpolation value for depth queing. [1,3,12]
IR1 Screen X (short) [1,15,0]
IR2 Screen Y (short) [1,15,0]
IR3 Screen Z (short) [1,15,0]
MAC1 Screen X (long) [1,31,0]
MAC2 Screen Y (long) [1,31,0]
MAC3 Screen Z (long) [1,31,0]
Calculation:
[1,31,0] MAC1=A1[TRX + R11*VX0 + R12*VY0 + R13*VZ0] [1,31,12]
[1,31,0] MAC2=A2[TRY + R21*VX0 + R22*VY0 + R23*VZ0] [1,31,12]
[1,31,0] MAC3=A3[TRZ + R31*VX0 + R32*VY0 + R33*VZ0] [1,31,12]
[1,15,0] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,31,0]
[1,15,0] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,31,0]
[1,15,0] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,31,0]
SZ0<-SZ1<-SZ2<-SZ3
[0,16,0] SZ3= Lm_D(MAC3) [1,31,0]
SX0<-SX1<-SX2, SY0<-SY1<-SY2
[1,15,0] SX2= Lm_G1[F[OFX + IR1*(H/SZ)]] [1,27,16]
[1,15,0] SY2= Lm_G2[F[OFY + IR2*(H/SZ)]] [1,27,16]
[1,31,0] MAC0= F[DQB + DQA * (H/SZ)] [1,19,24]
[1,15,0] IR0= Lm_H[MAC0] [1,31,0]
Notes:
Z values are limited downwards at 0.5 * H. For smaller z values you'll have
write your own routine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RTPT 23 Perspective Transformation on 3 points.
Fields none
opcode cop2 $0280030
in V0 Vector to transform. [1,15,0]
V1 [1,15,0]
V2 [1,15,0]
R Rotation matrix [1,3,12]
TR Translation vector [1,31,0]
H View plane distance [0,16,0]
DQA Depth que interpolation values. [1,7,8]
DQB [1,7,8]
OFX Screen offset values. [1,15,16]
OFY [1,15,16]
out SXY fifo Screen XY coordinates.(short) [1,15,0]
SZ fifo Screen Z coordinate.(short) [0,16,0]
IR0 Interpolation value for depth queing. [1,3,12]
IR1 Screen X (short) [1,15,0]
IR2 Screen Y (short) [1,15,0]
IR3 Screen Z (short) [1,15,0]
MAC1 Screen X (long) [1,31,0]
MAC2 Screen Y (long) [1,31,0]
MAC3 Screen Z (long) [1,31,0]
Calculation: Same as RTPS, but repeats for V1 and V2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MVMVA 8 Multiply vector by matrix and vector addition.
Fields: sf,mx,v,cv,lm
Opcode: cop2 $0400012
in: V0/V1/V2/IR Vector v0, v1, v2 or [IR1,IR2,IR3]
R/LLM/LCM Rotation, light or color matrix. [1,3,12]
TR/BK Translation or background color vector.
out: [IR1,IR2,IR3] Short vector
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Long vector
Calculation:
MX = matrix specified by mx
V = vector specified by v
CV = vector specified by cv
MAC1=A1[CV1 + MX11*V1 + MX12*V2 + MX13*V3]
MAC2=A2[CV2 + MX21*V1 + MX22*V2 + MX23*V3]
MAC3=A3[CV3 + MX31*V1 + MX32*V2 + MX33*V3]
IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1]
IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2]
IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3]
Notes:
The cv field allows selection of the far color vector, but this vector
is not added correctly by the GTE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
DCPL 8 Depth Cue Color light
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0680029
In: RGB Primary color. R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
IR0 interpolation value. [1,3,12]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Local color vector. [1,3,12]
CODE Code value from RGB. CODE [0,8,0]
FC Far color. [1,27,4]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R*IR1 + IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC - R * IR1])] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[G*IR2 + IR0*(Lm_B1[GFC - G * IR2])] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[B*IR3 + IR0*(Lm_B1[BFC - B * IR3])] [1,27,16]
[1,11,4] IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[1,11,4] IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[1,11,4] IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
DPCS 8 Depth Cueing.
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0780010
In: IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
RGB Color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
FC Far color RFC,GFC,BFC [1,27,4]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculations:
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[(R + IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC - R])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[(G + IR0*(Lm_B1[GFC - G])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[(B + IR0*(Lm_B1[BFC - B])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTPL 8 Interpolation of a vector and far color vector.
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0980011
In: [IR1,IR2,IR3] Vector [1,3,12]
IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
CODE Code value from RGB. CODE [0,8,0]
FC Far color RFC,GFC,BFC [1,27,4]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculations:
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[IR1 + IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC - IR1])] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[IR2 + IR0*(Lm_B1[GFC - IR2])] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[IR3 + IR0*(Lm_B1[BFC - IR3])] [1,27,16]
[1,11,4] IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[1,11,4] IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[1,11,4] IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQR 5 Square vector.
Fields: sf
Opcode: cop2 $0a00428
sf=0 sf=1
in: [IR1,IR2,IR3] vector [1,15,0][1,3,12]
out: [IR1,IR2,IR3] vector^2 [1,15,0][1,3,12]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] vector^2 [1,31,0][1,19,12]
Calculation: (left format sf=0, right format sf=1)
[1,31,0][1,19,12] MAC1=A1[IR1*IR1] [1,43,0][1,31,12]
[1,31,0][1,19,12] MAC2=A2[IR2*IR2] [1,43,0][1,31,12]
[1,31,0][1,19,12] MAC3=A3[IR3*IR3] [1,43,0][1,31,12]
[1,15,0][1,3,12] IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,31,0][1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,15,0][1,3,12] IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,31,0][1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,15,0][1,3,12] IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,31,0][1,19,12][lm=1]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCS 14 Normal color
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0C8041E
In: V0 Normal vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
CODE Code value from RGB. CODE [0,8,0]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[L11*VX0 + L12*VY0 + L13*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[L21*VX0 + L22*VY0 + L23*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[L31*VX0 + L32*VY0 + L33*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[RBK + LR1*IR1 + LR2*IR2 + LR3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[GBK + LG1*IR1 + LG2*IR2 + LG3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[BBK + LB1*IR1 + LB2*IR2 + LB3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCT 30 Normal color
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0D80420
In: V0,V1,V2 Normal vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
CODE Code value from RGB. CODE [0,8,0]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation: Same as NCS, but repeated for V1 and V2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCDS 19 Normal color depth cue single vector
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0e80413
In: V0 Normal vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[L11*VX0 + L12*VY0 + L13*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A1[L21*VX0 + L22*VY0 + L23*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A1[L31*VX0 + L32*VY0 + L33*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[RBK + LR1*IR1 + LR2*IR2 + LR3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A1[GBK + LG1*IR1 + LG2*IR2 + LG3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A1[BBK + LB1*IR1 + LB2*IR2 + LB3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R*IR1 + IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC-R*IR1])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A1[G*IR2 + IR0*(Lm_B2[GFC-G*IR2])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A1[B*IR3 + IR0*(Lm_B3[BFC-B*IR3])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCDT 44 Normal color depth cue triple vectors
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0f80416
In: V0 Normal vector [1,3,12]
V1 Normal vector [1,3,12]
V2 Normal vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
FC Far color RFC,GFC,BFC [1,27,4]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
Same as NCDS but repeats for v1 and v2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
DPCT 17 Depth Cueing.
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $0F8002A
In: IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
RGB0,RGB1,RGB2 Colors in RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
FC Far color RFC,GFC,BFC [1,27,4]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculations:
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R0+ IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC - R0])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[G0+ IR0*(Lm_B1[GFC - G0])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[B0+ IR0*(Lm_B1[BFC - B0])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[1,11,4] IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=0]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
Performs this calculation 3 times, so all three RGB values have been
replaced by the depth cued RGB values.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCCS 17 Normal Color Color single vector
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $108041B
In: V0 Normal vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[L11*VX0 + L12*VY0 + L13*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[L21*VX0 + L22*VY0 + L23*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[L31*VX0 + L32*VY0 + L33*VZ0] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[RBK + LR1*IR1 + LR2*IR2 + LR3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[GBK + LG1*IR1 + LG2*IR2 + LG3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[BBK + LB1*IR1 + LB2*IR2 + LB3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R*IR1] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[G*IR2] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[B*IR3] [1,27,16]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCCT 39 Normal Color Color triple vector
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $118043F
In: V0 Normal vector 1 [1,3,12]
V1 Normal vector 2 [1,3,12]
V2 Normal vector 3 [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
LLM Light matrix [1,3,12]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
Same as NCCS but repeats for v1 and v2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CDP 13 Color Depth Que
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $1280414
In: [IR1,IR2,IR3] Vector [1,3,12]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
IR0 Interpolation value [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
FC Far color RFC,GFC,BFC [1,27,4]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculation:
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[RBK + LR1*IR1 + LR2*IR2 + LR3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[GBK + LG1*IR1 + LG2*IR2 + LG3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[BBK + LB1*IR1 + LB2*IR2 + LB3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R*IR1 + IR0*(Lm_B1[RFC-R*IR1])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[G*IR2 + IR0*(Lm_B2[GFC-G*IR2])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[B*IR3 + IR0*(Lm_B3[BFC-B*IR3])] [1,27,16][lm=0]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC 11 Color Color.
Fields: none
Opcode: cop2 $138041C
In: [IR1,IR2,IR3] Vector [1,3,12]
BK Background color RBK,GBK,BBK [1,19,12]
RGB Primary color R,G,B,CODE [0,8,0]
LCM Color matrix [1,3,12]
Out: RGBn RGB fifo. Rn,Gn,Bn,CDn [0,8,0]
[IR1,IR2,IR3] Color vector [1,11,4]
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] Color vector [1,27,4]
Calculations:
[1,19,12] MAC1=A1[RBK + LR1*IR1 + LR2*IR2 + LR3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC2=A2[GBK + LG1*IR1 + LG2*IR2 + LG3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,19,12] MAC3=A3[BBK + LB1*IR1 + LB2*IR2 + LB3*IR3] [1,19,24]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,19,12][lm=1]
[1,27,4] MAC1=A1[R*IR1] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC2=A2[G*IR2] [1,27,16]
[1,27,4] MAC3=A3[B*IR3] [1,27,16]
[1,3,12] IR1= Lm_B1[MAC1] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR2= Lm_B2[MAC2] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[1,3,12] IR3= Lm_B3[MAC3] [1,27,4][lm=1]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2] [1,27,4]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3] [1,27,4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NCLIP 8 Normal clipping
Fields:
Opcode: cop2 $1400006
in: SXY0,SXY1,SXY2 Screen coordinates [1,15,0]
out: MAC0 Outerproduct of SXY1 and SXY2 with [1,31,0]
SXY0 as origin.
Calculation:
[1,31,0] MAC0 = F[SX0*SY1+SX1*SY2+SX2*SY0-SX0*SY2-SX1*SY0-SX2*SY1] [1,43,0]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AVSZ3 5 Average of three Z values
fields:
Opcode: cop2 $158002D
in: SZ1, SZ2, SZ3 Z-Values [0,16,0]
ZSF3 Divider [1,3,12]
out: OTZ Average. [0,16,0]
MAC0 Average. [1,31,0]
Calculation:
[1,31,0] MAC0=F[ZSF3*SZ1 + ZSF3*SZ2 + ZSF3*SZ3] [1,31,12]
[0,16,0] OTZ=Lm_D[MAC0] [1,31,0]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AVSZ4 6 Average of four Z values
Fields:
Opcode: cop2 $168002E
in: SZ1,SZ2,SZ3,SZ4 Z-Values [0,16,0]
ZSF4 Divider [1,3,12]
out: OTZ Average. [0,16,0]
MAC0 Average. [1,31,0]
Calculation:
[1,31,0] MAC0=F[ZSF4*SZ0 + ZSF4*SZ1 + ZSF4*SZ2 + ZSF4*SZ3] [1,31,12]
[0,16,0] OTZ=Lm_D[MAC0] [1,31,0]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
OP 6 Outer product of 2 vectors
Fields: sf
Opcode: cop2 $170000C
in: [R11R12,R22R23,R33] vector 1
[IR1,IR2,IR3] vector 2
out: [IR1,IR2,IR3] outer product
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] outer product
Calculation: (D1=R11R12,D2=R22R23,D3=R33)
MAC1=A1[D2*IR3 - D3*IR2]
MAC2=A2[D3*IR1 - D1*IR3]
MAC3=A3[D1*IR2 - D2*IR1]
IR1=Lm_B1[MAC0]
IR2=Lm_B2[MAC1]
IR3=Lm_B3[MAC2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPF 5 General purpose interpolation
Fields: sf
Opcode: cop2 $190003D
in: IR0 scaling factor
CODE code field of RGB
[IR1,IR2,IR3] vector
out: [IR1,IR2,IR3] vector
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] vector
RGB2 RGB fifo.
Calculation:
MAC1=A1[IR0 * IR1]
MAC2=A2[IR0 * IR2]
MAC3=A3[IR0 * IR3]
IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1]
IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2]
IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPL 5 General purpose interpolation
Fields: sf
Opcode: cop2 $1A0003E
in: IR0 scaling factor
CODE code field of RGB
[IR1,IR2,IR3] vector
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] vector
out: [IR1,IR2,IR3] vector
[MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] vector
RGB2 RGB fifo.
Calculation:
MAC1=A1[MAC1 + IR0 * IR1]
MAC2=A2[MAC2 + IR0 * IR2]
MAC3=A3[MAC3 + IR0 * IR3]
IR1=Lm_B1[MAC1]
IR2=Lm_B2[MAC2]
IR3=Lm_B3[MAC3]
[0,8,0] Cd0<-Cd1<-Cd2<- CODE
[0,8,0] R0<-R1<-R2<- Lm_C1[MAC1]
[0,8,0] G0<-G1<-G2<- Lm_C2[MAC2]
[0,8,0] B0<-B1<-B2<- Lm_C3[MAC3]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Field decriptions.
bit |24 23 22 21 20|19|18 17|16 15|14 13|12 11|10|
desc| |sf|mx |v |cv | |lm|
bit |09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00|
desc| |
sf 0 Normal calculation.
1 Calculations on data shifted 12 bits to the left in the IR regs.
(Not entirely sure about what really happens.)
mx 0 Multiply with rotation matrix
1 Multiply with light matrix
2 Multiply with color matrix
3 -
v 0 V0 source vector (short)
1 V1 source vector (short)
2 V2 source vector (short)
3 IR source vector (long)
cv 0 Add translation vector (TR)
1 Add back color vector (BK)
2 Bugged. Should add far color vector. (FC)
3 Add no vector
lm 0 No negative limit.
1 Limit negative results to 0.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A list of common MVMVA instructions:
rtv0 cop2 $0486012 v0 * rotmatrix
rtv1 cop2 $048E012 v1 * rotmatrix
rtv2 cop2 $0496012 v2 * rotmatrix
rtir12 cop2 $049E012 ir * rotmatrix
rtir0 cop2 $041E012 ir * rotmatrix.
rtv0tr cop2 $0480012 v0 * rotmatrix + tr vector
rtv1tr cop2 $0488012 v1 * rotmatrix + tr vector
rtv2tr cop2 $0490012 v2 * rotmatrix + tr vector
rtirtr cop2 $0498012 ir * rotmatrix + tr vector
rtv0bk cop2 $0482012 v0 * rotmatrix + bk vector
rtv1bk cop2 $048A012 v1 * rotmatrix + bk vector
rtv2bk cop2 $0492012 v2 * rotmatrix + bk vector
rtirbk cop2 $049A012 ir * rotmatrix + bk vector
ll cop2 $04A6412 v0 * light matrix. Lower limit result to 0.
llv0 cop2 $04A6012 v0 * light matrix
llv1 cop2 $04AE012 v1 * light matrix
llv2 cop2 $04B6012 v2 * light matrix
llir cop2 $04BE012 ir * light matrix
llv0tr cop2 $04A0012 v0 * light matrix + tr vector
llv1tr cop2 $04A8012 v1 * light matrix + tr vector
llv2tr cop2 $04B0012 v2 * light matrix + tr vector
llirtr cop2 $04B8012 ir * light matrix + tr vector
llv0bk cop2 $04A2012 v0 * light matrix + bk vector
llv1bk cop2 $04AA012 v1 * light matrix + bk vector
llv2bk cop2 $04B2012 v2 * light matrix + bk vector
llirbk cop2 $04BA012 ir * light matrix + bk vector
lc cop2 $04DA412
lcv0 cop2 $04C6012 v0 * color matrix
lcv1 cop2 $04CE012 v1 * color matrix
lcv2 cop2 $04D6012 v2 * color matrix
lcir cop2 $04DE012 ir * color matrix
lcv0tr cop2 $04C0012 v0 * color matrix + tr vector
lcv1tr cop2 $04C8012 v1 * color matrix + tr vector
lcv2tr cop2 $04D0012 v2 * color matrix + tr vector
lcirtr cop2 $04D8012 ir * color matrix + tr vector
lcv0bk cop2 $04C2012 v0 * color matrix + bk vector
lcv1bk cop2 $04CA012 v1 * color matrix + bk vector
lcv2bk cop2 $04D2012 v2 * color matrix + bk vector
lcirbk cop2 $04DA012 ir * color matrix + bk vector
Other instructions:
sqr12 cop2 $0A80428 square of ir (1,19,12)
sqr0 cop2 $0A00428 (1,31, 0)
op12 cop2 $178000C outer product (1,19,12)
op0 cop2 $170000C (1,31, 0)
gpf12 cop2 $198003D general purpose interpolation (1,19,12)
gpf0 cop2 $190003D (1,31, 0)
gpl12 cop2 $1A8003E general purpose interpolation (1,19,12)
gpl0 cop2 $1A0003E (1,31, 0)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
doomed@c64.org <- corrections/additions latest update -> psx.rules.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
8/jun/1999 Initial version.
23/aug/1999 Almost completely rewritten.
2/feb/2000 Small fix.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you miss anything that was in the previous version please mail me.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
