Copy Link
Add to Bookmark
Report
k-1ine_33
__ _____ __ ___ _ ______ __ _ _
__ ___ / _ __ ____ _ ( )
___)\ /______ ______
_________ \ / ___ _____ ___)\ ___ __.
_____ | /_ \ | /_ / |
___\ | (/ || // _ | | _ __ __ _
_ _\\ | | _______ |:(/ ( ) | | ( ) ) \/_ \ /( )\
( ) \\| | /_ ____ ||\\ | | | | | | ) ) / ___)
\\ | //__ || \\ | | | | | | | | \ (___ __ _
\) | // || \\_ __| |__| |__| | | |_ \_______ __
| |// ____ __/ | \___ ____ _ _ _ _ _
__ ______) | (/ / __ __ )/
\ \| | / /
\ \ (\_____/ /___ _ ___ _
____ \ ) \____ _____ __ __ Bay Street After Hours Casual _ _
( 33 ) | |
c/a 11.2002.
_____________________________________________________________________________
» .- Words from the Editor -. « |
*: [-] Introduction .......................................... The Clone :*
*: (-) Contact Information ................................... The Clone :*
*: (-) Nettwerked Discussion Board ........................... Nettwerked :*
*: (-) Link of the Month ..................................... The Clone :*
*: (-) K-1ine Mirrors ........................................ The Clone :*
____________________________________________________________________________
» .- Documents -. « |
*: (x) 'Rogers AT&T: Ericsson A1228dsi Programming' ........... The Clone :*
*: (x) 'Hacking in the Snow' .................................. Phlux :*
*: (x) 'Digital and Analog Audio Representation' .............. Fractal :*
*: (x) 'Situated Automotive Precipitation Exploit' ............ Diabolik :*
*: (x) 'Sprints System Access Fee' ............................ Alan :*
____________________________________________________________________________
» .- Conclusion -. « |
*: [-] Credits ............................................... The Clone :*
*: [-] Shouts ................................................ The Clone :*
_____________________________________________________________________________
Introduction -
Welcome to the latest issue of K-1ine #33 'Bay Street After Hours Casual'. I would
like to thank everyone who submitted articles to me, you guys rule. Enjoy this issue
of K-1ine zine, and if you forget to send me more articles in the future, I'll run
for the Republican party in the next upcoming election. :)
-->
Contact Information;
Comments/Questions/Submissions: theclone@hackcanada.com
Check out my site: (Nettwerked) http://www.nettwerked.net
-
Nettwerked Discussion Board;
"Fuck the system? Nah, you might catch something..."
POST YOUR NEWS, AND POST YOUR THOUGHTS FREELY ON:
www.nettwerked.net/PHPBB
-->
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--=[ LINK OF THE MONTH ]=--
Every month I post one really great "link of the month" on every issue
of K-1ine magazine. The link can be anything in the technology industry,
music scene, rave scene, punk scene, or even a good article you read on
a news site. I'll be taking submissions via e-mail or IRC right away; so
get your links in and maybe you'll see it in the next issue of K-1ine!
For the month of November, the link of the month is:
http://zetatalk.com/
'Alien to Human Communications'
[submitted by: Phlux]
--
K-1ine Mirrors:
http://www.mirrors.wiretapped.net/security/info/textfiles/k1ine/
(Now mirrored in two places, one in Belgium and another in Sydney)
"Wiretapped.net is an archive of open source software, informational
textfiles and radio/conference broadcasts covering the areas of network
and information security, network operations, host integrity, cryptography
and privacy, among others. We believe we are now the largest archive of
this type of software & information, hosting in excess of 20 gigabytes of
information mirrored from around the world."
--
http://www.hackcanada.com/canadian/zines/index.html#K-1ine
Hack Canada - Canadian H/P - E-Zines
--==================================================================--
--
<theclone> GrassMunk(y), you Funk(y) Munk(y).
<GrassMunk> i can be
<theclone> You can be anything your heart desires if you just put in effort
and determination, Timmy.
<GrassMunk> thanks uncle
<theclone> You're welcome. Now ride on my lap with your knickers down to your ankles.
<theclone> And don't tell your parents.
<Xeron> I was at bar called 'funkey munkey' last night
<GrassMunk> clone, im not falling for that one again, you dirty old phreak
<GrassMunk> i know i dont want to touch the roll of quarters in your pocket either
<theclone> :D
--
Rogers AT&T: Ericsson A1228dsi Programming
Wednesday, November 6, 2002
Written by: The Clone
theclone@hackcanada.com
Notes: For informational purposes only. Do not abuse this information.
* Manufacturer: Ericsson
* Phone Model: A1228dsi
* Programmer: Keypad
* Phone Type: TDMA
* NAM Type: EEPROM
* Transceiver: KRC 113 412/10M R1A
Programming Sequence: Power On ("No" Button)
After phone initialized, Ericsson logo will appear,
followed by a Rogers AT&T logo, then main screen.
NAM Re-Programming: Press 987 and then the 'Menu' (or right arrow) button.
Once you enter the proper codes in, you will be taken to the main menu (image below).
You have three options to choose from...
Menu 0 -- Change your "Mobile ID 0" by replacing the ten '0's with any random number;
it doesn't appear to do much but cause your phone to become temporarily disabled. Hit
the down arrow to be entered into the "Band Order 0" screen. I tried entering a series
of buttons, but there seems to be no way to modify your Band Order 0.
Press the down arrow again to enter into the "Neut. A-Tag 0" screen. Press the buttons
on your keypad to add your own text. Press the down arrow to enter into the "Fav. A-Tag
0" screen. Press the buttons on your keypad to add your own text. Press the down arrow
to enter into the "Home A - Tag 0" screen. Press the down arrow to enter into the "SO
0" (Scroll to Operator Code) screen. You should see '0000' - this can be modified by
pressing the buttons on your keypad. Press the down arrow to enter into the "SID 0"
screen. You can modify the "System Identification" number by entering any valid SID
for your area. For Rogers AT&T, the SID for their TDMA phones is 6391. Note: All of
"Menu 0" appears to be a testing NAM menu for Ericsson / Rogers AT&T techs. The
useful stuff seems to be in Menu 1 and 2 (below).
Menu 1 -- Change your "Mobile ID 1" by replacing the ten digit telephone number (your
wireless phone's area code + local number). You can essentially change this to anything
you want. Don't bother trying to steal service from other Rogers AT&T mobile phones
("cloning") as that requires you to have the victim's ESN, MIN, special EEPROM (NAM)
reflashing software, and a cable to transfer the data. Press the down arrow to be entered
into the "Band Order 1" screen -- I tried entering a series of buttons, but there seems
to be no way to modify your Band Order 1.
Press the down arrow again to enter into the "Neut. A-Tag 1" screen. Press the buttons on
your keypad to add your own text. Press the down arrow to enter into the "Fav. A-Tag 1"
screen. Press the buttons on your keypad to add your own text. Press the down arrow to enter
into the "Home A - Tag 0" screen. Press the down arrow to enter into the "SOC 1" (Scroll to
Operator Code) screen. You should see a special four digit number such as '2600' - this can
be modified by pressing the buttons on your keypad. Remember; Menu 1 on all Ericsson phones
is the main NAM for cell service. You can modify the "System Identification" number by enter-
ing any valid SID for your area. For Rogers AT&T, the SID for their TDMA phones is 16391.
Menu 2 -- Same options as above. Except on this NAM Menu, you can add another valid Rogers
AT&T telephone number - hence why the Ericsson A1228dsi is called a "dual NAM phone." If
your phone is not locked onto the Rogers AT&T network, you may be able to use service from
another TDMA carrier (no others in Canada besides Rogers AT&T unfortunately), or an analog /
AMPS wireless service provider.
COOL PICTURES - WOW!
IMAGE: MAIN NAM PROGRAMMING MAIN MENU
http://www.nettwerked.net/ericsson1.jpg
IMAGE: NAM PROGRAMMING MENU 0.
http://www.nettwerked.net/ericsson2.jpg
IMAGE: NAM PROGRAMMING MENU 1 (area code + phone number)
http://www.nettwerked.net/ericsson3.jpg
Long NAM Re-Programming: Press 923885 and then the 'Menu' (or right arrow) button.
Long NAM Re-Programming has similar options to regular 'NAM Re-Programming', but it offers
the user a deeper level of options. This can be considered the "root level" access in wire-
less phone programming.
What are the features of Long NAM Re-Programming?
You have three options to choose from: NAM 0, 1, 2.
(Note: NAM 0 is a "test menu", and isn't used for anything important.)
NAM 0: First screen lists your unique ESN number; this cannot be changed without reflashing
the EEPROM. If you press 'YES' or 'NO', it will bring you to a screen which says: *** EXIT
*** YES = Save ALL NO = Abort ALL. Either option will reset your phone.
NAM 0: Press the 'down arrow' twice and you'll be taken to the Go To Level 5 (SMS - Short
Message Service). Press the 'YES' button and you'll have the option of entering in the "Tele.
Srvr" (Telephone Server?) address. After you enter text into it, press 'YES' and you'll be
prompted to Save or Abort. Press the 'down arrow' twice and you'll be taken to the E-mail
Gtwy (Electronic Mail Gateway). After you enter text into it, press 'YES' and you'll be
prompted to Save or Abort.
NAM 0: To access the next menu, press the 'NO' button on your Ericsson, and press your 'down
arrow'. Once you're on the Go to Level 4 (Other DCC) option, press 'YES'. Now you can change
the encoding of your Ericsson from "TBCD" to "IA5". Press any key (besides Yes, No, Clr, Menu,
Up and Down) to switch between encoding modes. Press down twice to get to the 'Dom.Usr Grp'
menu - it says "NOT IMPLEMENTED!". Press down once and you'll see 'Intern.Usr Grp' menu - it
says "NOT IMPLEMENTED!". Next menu down is 'EMERGENCY 3' - you can enter any number here and
*SHOULD* be free (along with EMERGENCY 2, 1 for the next two options). Press down - you'll
see 'IMSI NOT IMPLEMENTED' (IMSI = International Mobile Subscriber Identity). Press down,
next option is 'PFC NOT IMPLEMENTED'. After you choose your option, press 'YES' and you'll
be prompted to Save or Abort.
NAM 0: To access the next menu, press the 'NO' button on our Ericsson, and press your 'down
arrow'. Once you are on the Go to Level 3 (PSID/RSIDs) option, press 'YES'. You will see
'Edit NAM' PSID/RSIDs - you cannot edit this option. Press down twice to View Reg Accept
PSID/RSIDs, press down to View TestReg PSID/RSIDs - none are available to edit.
NAM 0: To access the next menu, press the 'NO' button on our Ericsson, and press your 'down
arrow'. Once you're on the Go to Level 2 (Scan, etc.) option, press 'YES'. You will see a
screen that says 'System B'. There doesn't seem to be a way to edit this.
NAM 0: The rest of the options are 'Band Order 0', 'Lock Code', 'Neut.A-Tag 0', 'Fav.A-Tag 0',
Home A-Tag 0', 'SOC 0', 'SID 0', 'A-Key 0', 'Mobile ID 0' - which were explained earlier. Hit
'No' twice or 'Yes' twice to reset the phone.
NAM 1 & 2: (ESN) Same as above.
NAM 1 & 2: (Level 5) Same as above.
NAM 1 & 2: (Level 4) Same as above - except 'EMERGENCY 1' which has '911' displayed instead of
a blank space.
NAM 1 & 2: (Level 3) Same as above.
NAM 1 & 2: (Level 2) Same as above.
NAM 1 & 2: (Many Options) Same as above.
More NAM Re-Programming: Press # SID # * and then the 'YES' button.
Once you enter this menu, you will be taken to an alert screen which says "Danger! Enter NAM? Yes
or No". Choosing 'No' will reset your Ericsson phone. If you choose 'Yes', you will be taken to a
screen which says "ESN [3 digit ESN prefix]" and 8 unique ESN #'s. Hitting 'YES' again will prompt
you: "Enter Phone Number". After you enter the phone number associated with the ESN, your phone
will reset. If you enter the wrong phone number, the phone will say 'Try Again!'. Be careful; if
you do this too many times, you may lock the phone! For reference, here are a list of known ESN
prefixes and their hex-values that work on Ericsson's: 143 8F, 146 92, 157 9D, 204 CC, 215 D7,
231 E7, 240 F0.
Field-Test Mode: Press 904090 and then the 'Menu' (or right arrow) button. This mode brings up a
few menus - which displays various data about the network, the signal strength, etc.
--
Conclusion: TDMA Wireless Phone Re-Programming is phun. Unfortunately TDMA is on its way out. GSM
and CDMA are the two biggest mobile standards in the industry. Rogers AT&T started offering GSM
services around a year ago, and will eventually throw away the standard that Ericsson once held so
dear. Now go buy an Ericsson and hack away!
Credits: Wizbone for sharing the "# SID # * SND" command.
Shouts: Hack Canada, Nettwerked, Toronto 2600, and dec0de.
The images in this file are Copyright (c) 2002, by End THE USA. All Rights Reserved.
--
<GrassMunk> i am a catholic school girl ninja
--
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
.___ _ ._ ___ ._ _.
<-| \ \ <-| | |<-| \ \.
. .. \ \ . . ..|_| . \ \
| . \ \ | | .. \ \. ``` '''
- <.--- . / /<.-- - -. <.-- -.--REÐ-> three.30.three
| \ \_/ | _ | ./ / + six.sixtey.six +
. \ . . . ..| | . . / / bitch'z ain't nuthin'
<-| \_\<-|___ _| |<-| _/_/ but hoes+trix.
... ,,,
snowhack.txt
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Hacking in the Snow
phlux - fraud@telust.com
Just in time for Christmas! HEIL MABELLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------
For Canadian Hackers, winter is the time to overclock your computer,
and a time to carry on the age old tradition of igloo hacking.
The inuit originally built shelters in the white plains so they
could hack in stealth. Here are the basics to have with you:
- Laptops with overclocked CPUs
- A good length of insulated phone line for a remote shelter
- 2 White duvets (possibly more)
- Blow torch & extra tanks ($10~ from Canadian Tire)
- Bottled oxygen (needed for mountain hacking, else just some tubing)
- Duffle Bag to put it all in, plus a pillow.
- Duct Tape
- A good knife
- Fishing line, hooks, and bait if ice fishing
- Small shovels(spade)
Food:
- Beer (bottled)
- Packets of Cup 'o Noodle
- Hot cocoa
- Skillet (if ice fishing)
- Kettle
- Condements
Clothing(white):
Mittens+gloves
Ninja stye ski-masks, also a good tuque with pom-pom removed.
Snowshoes(where applicable)
Prep:
You will want to wear layers, and keep your laptop duct taped to your
torso so the LCD doesn't freeze. You will need a friend to drop you
off at the site, and you will need a partner in crime to cuddle for
warmth. You may want to bring heat packs filled with soup for the hike.
The ideal site will be rural, where the shelter can be erected around
a telephone can, RSU, etc. For security you may want to scope for a
can near a lake so you can ice fish. The lock/hinges on the cabinet
may easily be compromised with the shovel depending on the temperature.
Now if your taking effective measures, you should be safe to hack right
from the telephone bridging can, otherwise run a length of wire buried
in the snow to a tree or something. Conceal your tap, and jack in.
Ideally the setup should be done while it is snowing.
Cut-Away view of the partial igloo snow hacking cabinet bridge shelter:
* * * * * * *<-Snow Flakes * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * -----==============--- <-duvet * * *
Snow ### / | | \ ### * * *
Wall->### /fookin| | \ ### * * *
## / eh! | | \ ## * * * *
* ## / ' | Cabinet |.*. \ ## * * * *
## / (^)| |( ) \ ## * * * *
* ## / \__`-| | | |-, / \ ## * * * *
__###_/ ._/ \_| |____________| |_==__. \_###_________________
###### =================================<-duvet ##############
###############################################################
########################Snow###################################
This set up can be built around a remote pay telephone for one hacker.
You do not want to build a roof for the igloo; this takes too long and
unless you're an inuit, it is fucking hard! The white blanket serves for
an easy exit, and still conceals you from black helicopters.
This set up leaves just enough room for each hacker to sit against the
cabinet, using the dufflebag/pillow/duvet as insulation from the ground,
also allowing for bedding.
Each hacker should always have their blow torch on low to medium flame
to prevent LCD freezing. This will burn all the air in the shelter,
so you must puncture a hole in the duvet for the air tube, which is duct
taped to your laptop where the fan exhaust is. You may need to drill
small holes in the casing of your laptop for the oxygen feed.
Before rations can be prepared, a six pack must be consumed.
The duvet is pulled back so the bottles can be setted into the snow,
and a hole dug in the middle of the arangement for the torch, effecively
forming a stove as shown; (NOTE: melted snow = water)
(B) <-Bottle
(B) (B)
X <-Torch
(B) (B)
(B)
The bottles can also be used as urinals so the heat seal is not broken.
While the cabinet shelter allows for a tepee setup using the blanket,
and easy access to lines, it is harder to hotbox.
For ice fishing, the setup is the same - except the hackers use one anothers
backs to lean against. For a remote set up, ideally you should find a nice
pine tree with plenty of snow around it.
Here is how the pine tree dug out looks:
__ ______ ______
* * * * * _==_ * * * * * * __+__ * ** *
_====_ * ** * * * ( ___ ) *
* * * * _======_ come out with- \___/* * *
_========_ * j00r hands up!/ \ *
* * * _==========_ * * * * * * * *
_====pine====_* * * * * * * *
* * *_=====tree=====_ * * * * * *
*_================_ * * * * * * *
* * _==================_ * * * * * *
* _====================_ * * * * * *
____ ========_________=====,its the feds!#@___________
####\duvet-->/ || \\\()__ /########################
#####\ / || / /###Snow##################
......\ / || / /..........................
..soil.| / || /_. |.....soil..................
-------| / || /()|---Permafrost-ends-here----
.......|/ __/|| /___|...........................
.soil..| || | |...........................
.......| \ || / \ |........soil...............
........\_==_____||_/ \__/...........................
.......................................................
.......................................................
Despite the depiction, the dug out is by far the safest,
and warmest shelter compared to the effort needed.
NOTE: sizing ratios may vary!
The pine tree dug out is best suited for a longterm stay, whereby it
can hold more people, and is very space efficient if laptops and
blowtorches are duct taped to the trunk of the tree.
Conclusion:
I hope this file accurately portrays canadian style field phreaking.
If you visit canada, this file should prove invaluable!
You may want to visit the following websites for more canadian hacking
text files:
www.hackcanada.com
www.telust.net
www.nettwerked.net
www.packetninja.ca
--
<MiMiC> but there are a lot of nice, innocent girls out there
<MiMiC> and hell, if you come across a hoe thats still good
<MiMiC> they love to fuck :P
<theclone> You need to get laid
<theclone> badly.
--
Digital and Analog Audio Representation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Analog Representations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Air
~~~
Most fundamentally, sound exists as fluctuations of air pressure in
our atmosphere. These fluctuations are commonly graphed as functions of
time, producing the wave images we are accustomed to viewing. The wave's
amplitude is reflective of the current level of air pressure at a fixed
point over time, where 0 amplitude refers to the "normal" atmosphere's
pressure.
As the amplitude increases, our ears interpret a louder signal. There is
theoretically no limit to the volume of sound, but our minds stop measuring
volume after a certain level has been reached.
It is important to realize that there is never any signal representing
"pitch": This is all a manifestation of our minds. The pitch of a signal
is directly related to the frequency of fluctuations in amplitude.
Understand that at any given instant, no particular tone is being played.
Tones only exist over (potentially very short) periods of time.
Wire
~~~~
Audio can be transmitted across 2 wires fairly easily. A microphone
has a carbon diaphragm that changes in resitance as it distorts. It will
distort from the fluctuations in air pressure that make up sound.
When the audio is transmitted across the wire, the amount of current
flowing through the wire corresponds to the change in air pressure.
In order to represent both sides of the wave, the speaker uses AC current.
This also means that there is no polarity requirements for speakers. They
can be plugged in backward, with the only consequence that they may be
"out of phase" with other speakers, potentially cancelling out certain
frequencies of the sound.
Since microphones use the same carbon diaphragm setup as headphones, both
work as recording *and* playback devices, and can be used interchangably
in most situations. So, if you're ever stuck without a microphone, just
pop in your headphones instead.
Radio Waves
~~~~~~~~~~~
When transmitting electric signals through the air, it is generally
not practical to transmit at audio frequencies for various reasons.
One, you could only transmit 1 audio signal at a time without interfering
with another one, and two, the wavelengths for such low frequencies
would require massive antennas for effective broadcasting.
There are many techniques for broadcasting audio over the airwaves.
I will briefly discuss 2 techniques: AM and FM.
AM
~~
Amplitude Modulation is fairly self explicit. Essentially, a "carrier
wave" is generated. This is generated at, say, 800,000 cycles per second,
and is nothing more than a sine wave oscillation at this frequency.
Often, this is expressed as 800 kHz. Next, the amplitude of the carrier
signal is mapped to correspond to the air pressure currently being
detected at the microphone. Notice that the frequency of the carrier
signal does not change, only the "height" of its waves.
This signal is then radiated into the air. A person who wants to decode
a signal on 800 kHz generates his/her own carrier wave of 800 kHz,
and subtracts that from the signal in the air and are left with a signal
that will be filtered, amplified, and sent straight to a speaker.
FM
~~
Frequency Modulation is slightly more complicated than AM, but generally
makes for better quality sound. Since the standard commercial bands for
FM are of a lot higher frequencies than AM, a much smaller antenna is needed
for broadcasting. Because of this, FM has become the pirate radio station's
modulation of choice.
FM works by modulating the frequency instead of the amplitude (duh).
The potential amount of frequency that is taken up using this method
is called the signal's "bandwidth". For commercial FM broadcasts,
the bandwidth is 150 kHz.
Since an FM signal's amplitude remains constant, it is less susceptible
to RF interference (creating fuzz, clicks, and pops) than AM.
On commercial FM frequencies, the bands are spaced 200 kHz apart and
start at 87.5 MHz. This is why commercial FM stations always use
odd 100-kHz digits.
FM is also able to transmit stereo signals. A 19 kHz tone is produced
when stereo is being broadcast, which lights up an LED on many radios
to indicate stereo. On the normal band, the radio recieves the left
signal added to the right signal: L+R. This is so that mono radios
will play both channels mixed together. On another channel, the FM
station broadcasts L-R. So, when the reciever wants to play stereo,
it adds the 2 channels together:
L+R + L-R = L+L+R-R = L+L = 2L
And, it subtracts the 2 channels:
L+R - L-R = L+R - (L-R) = L+R -L+R = L-L + R+R = 2R
It then has 2L and 2R, which it sends to the appropriate speakers
at half volume.
Telephone
~~~~~~~~~
A telephone works similarly to a normal speaker wire, except that the
telephone is a full-duplex device (meaning you can talk and recieve at
the same time). It does this by both sides modulating amplitude.
The telephone also takes some of the signal from your microphone and adds
it's inverse to the signal fed into your speaker. In effect, this cancels
out some of the "feedback" from your own microphone. This is called a
"sidetone". This is, essentially, to quiet people down. If the sidetone is
too loud, the calling party will generally start shouting into the phone, and
if the the sidetone is a perfect copy of the original, it will cancel out all
of the party's voice and the phone will appear dead.
Although there is no technical requirement for it, the telephone company
usually does not transmit frequencies below 400 hertz or frequencies
above 3400 hertz. The main advantage in this is that they can transmit
more calls at once through long distance lines than would be possible
if a full frequency spectrum had to be maintained.
A telephone is unique because it draws it's power from the recieved
audio signal. The telephone company uses large lead-acid power supplies
in order to provide this power. This ensures phone operation during
power outages and a "hum-free" power signal necessary for audio signal
transmission.
Misc
~~~~
Aside from being transmitted, analog encoding methods are also popular
for storage of sound. A phonograph uses etchings on a vinyl disc.
A tape uses a long strip of magnetic tape, etc.
However, analog encoding is not the encoding method of choice for all
applications. This brings us to digital representations:
Digital Representation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I'll discuss 4 digital audio representations: PCM, FM synthesis compressed
PCM, and misc.
PCM
~~~
Pulse Code Modulation is perhaps the most common form of digital audio
representation. PCM works by taking samples of the air pressure at the
microphone at certain consecutive points in time, and recording them as
digital numbers.
Generally, these measurements are taken according to a clock. The clock
ticks at a certain rate: the sample rate. For CD quality audio, this
sample rate is 44100 samples/second. 8000 samples/second is usually good
enough for human speech, however.
The amount of space used for each sample is called the "sample width".
CD quality audio uses 16 bits per sample. Most human speech systems use
only 8 bits. Often, inside a computer, the sound is represented in 32
bits even though it was recorded at 16 bits (or 24 with modern soundcards).
This is to prevent "clipping" of the audio during effects processing.
So, the amount of space that a PCM recording takes can easily be calculated
using these 2 values. For instance, a 10 second stereo clip at CD quality
would take:
44100*16*10*2 = 14112000 bits, or 1764000 bytes.
About 1.7 megs. This is about the size a CD quality stereo wave file takes
too, for good reason: A wave file is no more than a a large PCM file
(plus headers).
An interesting property of PCM audio is that it is impossible to represent
frequencies higher than half of the sample rate. This is because both
the bottom and the top half of the signal need to be recorded, so one
cycle of a wave needs at least 2 samples. So, a CD's maximum frequency
rating is 44100/2 = 22050 hertz.
Note that most sound cards work exclusively in PCM for both their input
and their output, so that usually you'll always have to convert any type
of digital audio to PCM by hand in order to play it.
FM Synthesis
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Frequency Modulation Synthesis was a rather poorly chosen name for this
type of representation, because it is quite confusing with FM radio
representation. FM Synthesis has nothing to do with FM radio.
FM Synthesis essentially represents the sounds as a series of sine waves.
The frequency of the wave and it's duration are stored. Some sound cards
directly support this, but it has almost completely been replaced by PCM.
FM Synthesis's main advantage is that the size of the audio was much smaller.
FM Synthesis requires more computation than PCM for playback, but the main
disadvantage was that the sound quality was poor. Sounds generally sound
"tinny".
Compressed PCM
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Compressed PCM representation is becomming more and more popular.
I won't go into how compressed PCM works, but essentially, it's a
compression method that, when uncompressed, generates PCM audio.
There are 2 types of compressed PCM: lossy and lossless. Lossless
compression guarantees that when the audio is uncompressed you will have
an exact copy of the original PCM file. Lossy compression throws out some of
the PCM data in order to conserve space. MP3/OGG/etc. are examples of
lossy compression. FLAC is an example of lossless audio compression.
Other
~~~~~
One other method of storing digital audio is to store a list of particular
wave files to play, or particular notes and volumes, etc. MIDI is a good
example of this. It stores particular music data, and the MIDI player
is responsible for generating the PCM wave forms it sends to the soundcard.
As a consquence, MIDI files are very small, but can't represent sound
in the same sense that PCM or even FM synthesis can.
As you can see, there are quite a few ways to represent sound. This is
really only the tip of the iceberg, too. There are dozens more ways of
representing audio in both analog and digital forms. This was only a
quick summary of them.
Fractal
HardCore SoftWare - Research Division
www.hcsw.org
--
Kris/#to2600 sighs and takes off the goat costume rubbing his bum
--
// -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- //
Situated Automotive Precipitation Exploit
// =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= //
(c) diabolik 2002
//-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-//
Preface: This file explains in detail how to exploit the laziness of
traffic attendants in the majority of canadian cities.
Equipment Required:
- Car. Preferably yours.
- Shovel.
- Adequate snowfall (at least a couple recent centimeters).
Exploit: (1) Park your car in a seasonal/monthly outdoor parking lot. Any
lot which requires no payment but only a valid sticker for the current
month/ year will do. The idea, obviously, is that you don't have one of
these tickets.
(2) Exit car, shovel in hand.
(3) Lift and as natural-looking as possible, affix a uniform layer of snow
onto your windshield using your shovel. (Side note: if you wake up that
morning and there's already a layer of snow on your car, to save the risk
of not layering the snow properly, drive to the parking lot with your head
out your window, leaving the perfect layer of snow on the windshield.)
(4) If no snowfall has happened in recent times, do not fret. Its snowy as
hell in most canadian cities and if you affix a layer of snow to a couple
cars parked on either side of yours, the attendant won't think twice about
removing the snow to check sticker validity. Be sure to not get caught throw-
ing snow on someone elses windshield, mind you. This is also good because if
your car is the only one with snow on it, passerby will presume your car
hasn't moved for quite some time and therefore it becomes the subject of
suspicion. Make sure your car doesn't stand out. If its obvious that the
snow applied to your windshield was placed with a shovel, then do a sloppier
job on the neighbouring cars, and also affix a layer of snow to random vehi-
cles in the parking lot.
(5) If worried about the attendant removing the snow to check the sticker,
bring along a thermos (tm) full of water. Prior to leaving your vehicle,
pour a thin layer of water on the layer of snow. When done properly, even
if the attendant presumes you haven't paid he won't be able to attach the
parking violation ticket to your wiper and you go scot free. Remember to
bring a portable hair dryer to remove the layer of ice before driving (unless
your destination is another parking lot, in which case make reference to the
latter half of (3). If you don't want to purchase a hair dryer for fear of
being made fun of by the drop-out cashiers at walmart, buy a couple toasters,
remove the elements, and install them to the underside of the windsheild. Wire
to car battery. A switch might be a good idea, as is not touching the coils.
(6) Replace shovel in car. Bitch about snow while passing traffic attendant's
booth.
Side Note:
- In more temperate climates, a can of fake snow one buys to spray on fake
christmas trees works wonder.
DON'T SPRAY THIS ON YOUR WINDSHIELD!! Instead, layer your windshield with
saran (tm, I believe) wrap, then spray on the fake snow. Removing the fake
snow won't require a razor blade, this way.
- Underground parking garages are a little more suspicious to this act. Then
again most underground parking garages are gated and require id verification or
a card-access system to gain entry, and therefore are outside the scope of this
article and the exploit within.
--
<caesium> i do masturbation in a basement...
<caesium> want to see my credentials?
--
Sprint's System Access Fee
November 2002
By: Alan
I have three month billing ($15.00 or three months, whichever is first) so I
didn't know what happened in July until October. A new fee called a "System
Access Fee" was on my bill, 2.95 x 3 + tax. When I called to ask what this was
because I never authorized any fee I was told I it was a "mandatory" fee for
all customers. I was told I was on a plan with a higher per minute rate. The
rep told me there existed no plan without this fee. A request for a supervisor
was denied. I said to close my account and zero the balance, expecting a come
on to make me reconsider, only to have the response, "Certainly, your account
is closed, balance is zero, is there anything else I can help you with today?".
I again asked for a supervisor. I was told there were none available. Subsequent
calls were the same and I must have heard a different lie why I couldn't talk to
a supervisor. I work in an inbound call center myself and I know, first hand,
how the lack of supervisors would result in a scene resembling a bad schoolyard
at recess in which a teacher is nowhere to be seen. Only two reps whom I spoke
with would tell me something resembling truth. Any complaint had to be made to
a snail mail address or e-mail address. Reps refused to give me a phone number
to call or gave me the very number I already dialed.
$9.48 that was zeroed isn't important. It is the barrage of lies that this company
has spewed out over the years that burns me, and I really don't think I should let
them wash their hands of me this easily.
--
<o3|idle> fuck i hate e-mail... all i get is porn, when i was 13 i couldn't find it..
now i can't get rid of it... fux
<theclone> oh the irony
--
-- Credits
Without the following contributions, this zine issue would be
fairly delayed or not released. So thank you to the following people:
Alan, CYB0RG/ASM, Diabolik, Fractal, Magma, Phlux, The Clone
-- Shouts:
CYB0RG/ASM, Wildman, H410g3n, warVamp, The Question, plappy, Phlux,
rt, Magma, Hack Canada, The Grasshopper Unit, Flippersmack, soapie,
Breanne, Flopik, dec0de, caesium, oz0n3, Kris, to2600.org, and lastly
to everyone and anyone who contributes to the Canadian H/P scene.
;. .;.. ; ;. ;..
;.. .;..; .;.; .;; ;..
.;..;. .;..; .;.;...; ;..;..
.;. A .;. .;.
;.. N E T T W E R K E D ;..
;..;.. P R O D U C T ;..;..
.;..; ;..;..
; .;..;.;.. .; . .;. ..;..
.;.. . .; ..;..;..;.. .;
;..;. .;.. . .;.. .;.;.
..;. ..;.. .;. ;.;..;;..;.;
;.;;..;.. ;.;.; .; .
;.;..;. .;. ;.;:.;.
,;....;.
.;.;. .;.;
.;.;.;
.;.;
;..;.
.;.;;.; .;. ..; ;. > > > ... If you don't know me and my crew,
we're going to be at a telco near you!
